Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves,with special reference to microtremors

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau's alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation. This study examines the Deda ancient landslide, situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone, where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure. By integrating remote sensing, field surveys, Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics (AMT), and Microtremor Survey Method (MSM) techniques, along with engineering geological drilling for validation, to uncover the landslide’s spatial features. The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide, and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zone I and Deda landslide accumulation zone II in space. The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers. Our findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide, the shallow sliding zone (DD-I-S1) depth is approximately 20 m, and the deep sliding zone (DD-I-S2) depth is 36.2‒49.9 m. The sliding zone (DD-II-S1) depth of the Deda II landslide is 37.6‒43.1 m. A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed, achieving less than 5% discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data. These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deep-seated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.