Rare earth elements in phoscorites and carbonatites of the Devonian Kola Alkaline Province,Russia: Examples from Kovdor,Khibina, Vuoriyarvi and Turiy Mys complexes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mineralogy, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK;3. Department of Geochemistry, Ecole des Mines de Saint Etienne, 158 Cours Fauriel, Saint Etienne, France;4. Department of Mineral Deposits, St. Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia;5. Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK;1. Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India;2. Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, Queen''s University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada;3. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Canada;4. Atomic Minerals Directorate of Exploration and Research, AMD Complex, HQ, Begumpet,500016 Hyderabad, India;1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China;2. Chengdu Centre of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610000, PR China;3. Institute of Geology, China Academy of Geological Science, 100037, PR China;4. CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 126, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;5. Snowden Group, 1 Kingdom Street, Paddington Central, London W2 6BD, UK;6. Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK |
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| Abstract: | The Devonian (ca. 385–360 Ma) Kola Alkaline Province includes 22 plutonic ultrabasic–alkaline complexes, some of which also contain carbonatites and rarely phoscorites. The latter are composite silicate–oxide–phosphate–carbonate rocks, occurring in close space-time genetic relations with various carbonatites. Several carbonatites types are recognized at Kola, including abundant calcite carbonatites (early- and late-stage), with subordinate amounts of late-stage dolomite carbonatites, and rarely magnesite, siderite and rhodochrosite carbonatites. In phoscorites and early-stage carbonatites the rare earth elements (REE) are distributed among the major minerals including calcite (up to 490 ppm), apatite (up to 4400 ppm in Kovdor and 3.5 wt.% REE2O3 in Khibina), and dolomite (up to 77 ppm), as well as accessory pyrochlore (up to 9.1 wt.% REE2O3) and zirconolite (up to 17.8 wt.% REE2O3). Late-stage carbonatites, at some localities, are strongly enriched in REE (up to 5.2 wt.% REE2O3 in Khibina) and the REE are major components in diverse major and minor minerals such as burbankite, carbocernaite, Ca- and Ba-fluocarbonates, ancylite and others. The rare earth minerals form two distinct mineral assemblages: primary (crystallized from a melt or carbohydrothermal fluid) and secondary (formed during metasomatic replacement). Stable (C–O) and radiogenic (Sr–Nd) isotopes data indicate that the REE minerals and their host calcite and/or dolomite have crystallized from a melt derived from the same mantle source and are co-genetic. |
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