Overview of continuum and particle dynamics methods for mechanical modeling of contractional geologic structures |
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Affiliation: | 1. Institut de Recerca Geomodels, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;2. Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l''Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;3. OMV AUSTRIA Exploration and Production GmbH, Trabrennstraße 6-8, 1020 Vienna, Austria;1. Petroleum Geophysics MSc Program, Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand;2. Lehr-und Forschungsgebiet für Geologie – Endogene Dynamik (GED) Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University, Germany;3. Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;4. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand |
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Abstract: | Mechanically-based numerical modeling is a powerful tool for investigating fundamental processes associated with the formation and evolution of both large and small-scale geologic structures. Such methods are complementary with traditional geometrically-based cross-section analysis tools, as they enable mechanical validation of geometric interpretations. A variety of numerical methods are now widely used, and readily accessible to both expert and novice. We provide an overview of the two main classes of methods used for geologic studies: continuum methods (finite element, finite difference, boundary element), which divide the model into elements to calculate a system of equations to solve for both stress and strain behavior; and particle dynamics methods, which rely on the interactions between discrete particles to define the aggregate behavior of the system. The complex constitutive behaviors, large displacements, and prevalence of discontinuities in geologic systems, pose unique challenges for the modeler. The two classes of methods address these issues differently; e.g., continuum methods allow the user to input prescribed constitutive laws for the modeled materials, whereas the constitutive behavior ‘emerges’ from particle dynamics methods. Sample rheologies, case studies and comparative models are presented to demonstrate the methodologies and opportunities for future modelers. |
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Keywords: | Structural modeling Finite element Particle dynamics Discrete element Boundary element Finite difference Constitutive laws Contractional structures Plasticity |
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