Dynamics of cloud features on Uranus

Near-infrared adaptive optics imaging of Uranus by the Keck 2 telescope during 2003 and 2004 has revealed numerous discrete cloud features, 70 of which were used to extend the zonal wind profile of Uranus up to 60° N. We confirmed the presence of a north-south asymmetry in the circulation [Karkoschka, E., 1998. Science 280, 570-572], and improved its characterization. We found no clear indication of long term change in wind speed between 1986 and 2004, although results of Hammel et al. [Hammel, H.B., Rages, K., Lockwood, G.W., Karkoschka, E., de Pater, I., 2001. Icarus 153, 229-235] based on 2001 HST and Keck observations average ∼10 m/s less westward than earlier and later results, and 2003 observations by Hammel et al. [Hammel, H.B., de Pater, I., Gibbard, S., Lockwood, G.W., Rages, K., 2005. Icarus 175, 534-545] show increased wind speeds near 45° N, which we do not see in our 2003-2004 observations. We observed a wide range of lifetimes for discrete cloud features: some features evolve within ∼1 h, many have persisted at least one month, and one feature near 34° S (termed S34) seems to have persisted for nearly two decades, a conclusion derived with the help of Voyager 2 and HST observations. S34 oscillates in latitude between 32° S and 36.5° S, with a period of ∼1000 days, which may be a result of a non-barotropic Rossby wave. It also varied its longitudinal drift rate between −20°/day and −31°/day in approximate accord with the latitudinal gradient in the zonal wind profile, exhibiting behavior similar to that of the DS2 feature observed on Neptune [Sromovsky, L.A., Limaye, S.S., Fry, P.M., 1993. Icarus 105, 110-141]. S34 also exhibits a superimposed rapid oscillation with an amplitude of 0.57° in latitude and period of 0.7 days, which is approximately consistent with an inertial oscillation.