先秦时期海岱地区的麦作农业

长期以来,学界对海岱地区先秦时期麦作农业的发展状况不甚明晰。得益于田野考古工作的开展,使用浮选、植硅体分析等植物考古方法收获了一批小麦、大麦遗存。通过对这些遗存的量化分析,发现龙山文化、岳石文化、商周时期皆有小麦存在;以龙山文化、周代所出小麦、大麦的遗址最多;龙山文化、商、周时期的小麦存在得到测年数据支持。进而得出结论:至迟在龙山文化时期,小麦作物进入海岱地区;岳石文化时期,先民对小麦的利用程度可能有小幅提高,但仍处在低水平利用阶段;商时期的植物考古工作尚少,麦类作物利用水平可能有所提高;两周时期麦作农业发展迅速,脱离了小麦种植的初级阶段,可能在一定程度上反证了商时期麦作的存在。大麦在周代的个别遗址的量化数值上升,并得到了测年数据支持,但大麦种植的相关问题有待进一步研究。麦作的发展,既与环境气候等自然条件相关,也是文化交流、技术发展、工具改良、政策支持的产物。小麦、大麦、马、牛和羊入华,促成了"史前食物全球化"的格局,海岱地区融入到"青铜时代全球化"的浪潮中,对本地农业、社会发展起到了重要作用,对后世历史产生了重要影响。

STUDY ON THE WHEAT AGRICULTURE IN THE PRE-QIN PERIOD OF HAIDAI REGION

The introduction of wheat crops into China and the early development of wheat agriculture have been unresolved problems for a long time in the field of Chinese archaeology. As one of the main cultural regions in the pre-Qin Period, the agricultural and social complication in Haidai Region played an important role in the early Chinese civilization. Thanks to the vigorous development of archaeology and the in-depth study of multi-disciplinary cooperation, different scholars have discovered a number of wheat crop remains especially wheat crops by using flotation, phytolith analysis and other archaeobotanical methods. According to the current archaeological findings, Wheat was found at 16 Longshan Cultrual sites and barley was found at 4 Longshan Cultural sites. Wheat was found at 8 Yueshi Cultural sites and barley was found at 1 Yueshi Cultural site. Wheat was found at 4 sites from Shang Dynasty. Wheat was found at 24 sites and barley was found at 4 sites from Zhou Dynasty. Quantitative analysis shows that most of the wheat unearthed from Longshan Cultural site is below 10 grains, accounting for less than 3% of the crop quantity percentage, and most of the ubiquity is less than 5%. From the Yueshi culture to the Shang Dynasty, the absolute quantity of wheat, the percentage of wheat in the crop quantity, and the ubiquity of wheat were slightly increased, but not much. In the Zhou Dynasty, the number of wheat in most sites exceeded 100 or even 1000 grains. The percentage of wheat in some sites accounted for 20%~80% of the crop, the ubiquity of wheat in most sites was higher than 30%, the ubiquity in some sites was even up to 70%~90%. AMS dating data show that 4 wheat samples from 2 sites matched the archaeological age of Longshan Culture, 3 wheat samples from 3 sites respectively matched the historical age of Shang Dynasty, 7 wheat samples from 4 sites respectively matched the historical age of Zhou Dynasty, and 1 barley sample from 4 sites matched the historical age of Zhou Dynasty. Based on the above research, the following conclusions can be drawn in this paper:Wheat was introduced into Haidai Region at the latest in the Longshan Culture Period. In the Yueshi Culture Period, the wheat crop was still in the low level utilization stage. Although there are a little archaeobotanical work at the sites from the Shang Dynasty, quantitative data and dating evidence suggested that the utilization level of wheat might be improved. The rapid development of wheat farming in the Zhou Dynasty may prove the existence of wheat farming in the Shang Dynasty to some extent. The quantitative value of barley increased in only 1 site in the Zhou Dynasty and was supported by the dating data, but the related problems of barley planting need further study. The development of wheat crop is not only related to natural conditions such as environment and climate, but also the product of cultural exchange, technological development, tool improvement and policy support. From late Neolithic to early Bronze Age, Crops such as wheat, barley and livestock such as horses, cattle and sheep introduced into China and embedded into the subsistence of local ancestors, contributing to the pattern of "prehistoric food globalization". Haidai Region was integrated into the wave of "Bronze Age Globalization", which played an important role in local agriculture, economy and social development, and had an important impact on the history of the later generations.