Seismo-tectonic implications of a review of European earthquake mechanisms |
| |
Authors: | Dr A R Ritsema |
| |
Institution: | (1) Present address: Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, Netherlands |
| |
Abstract: | The seismicity of Europe and the methods used to determine the mechanism in the focus of earthquakes are briefly summarized. In general, the fault plane solutions of European earthquakes are in agreement with an about W-E to WNW-ESE directed stress in the underground.The upper mantle earthquakes on the margin of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Calabrian arc form an indication for the generation of new ocean floor in the SE corner of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the wake of the ESE drifting Calabrian arc. The Aegean Sea sector resembles a Verschluckungszone for material drifting in from both NW and ENE.The about W-E directed stress field is probably coupled with that of the mid-ocean ridge system of the North Atlantic. Several data indicate that also during the Alpine orogenesis and even earlier the main stresses were directed W-E and not N-S as hitherto normally assumed.
Zusammenfassung Die Seismizität Europas und die Methoden für die Bestimmung des Mechanismus in Erdbebenherden werden kurz zusammengefaßt. Im allgemeinen stimmen die Lösungen der Bruchfläche europäischer Erdbeben überein mit einer Hauptspannung in W-E-bis WNW-ESE-Richtung.Die Erdbeben des oberen Mantels vom Übergangsgebiet Tyrrhenisches Meer-Kalabrischer Bogen weisen auf eine Bildung von neuer Ozeankruste in der SE-Ecke des Tyrrhenischen Meeres im Sog des sich ESE verschiebenden Kalabrischen Bogens hin. Der Abschnitt des Ägäischen Meeres hat den Anschein einer Verschluckungszone für Krustenmaterial, das von NW und von ENE hereinschwimmt.Die ungefähr W-E gerichtete Hauptspannung im Gebiet ist aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach gekoppelt mit derjenigen des mittozeanischen Grabensystems des Nordatlantischen Ozeans. Verschiedene Daten geben an, daß auch während der alpinen Orogenese und sogar noch früher die Hauptspannungen ungefähr W-E gerichtet waren und nicht in N-S-Richtung, wie normalerweise bis jetzt angenommen wurde.
Résumé La séismicité de l'Europe et les méthodes pour la détermination du mécanisme au foyer des tremblements de terre sont résumées brièvement. En général, les solutions de plans de faille des tremblements de terre Européens sont en accord avec une contrainte dans le sous-sol orientée à peu près W-E ou WNW-ESE.Les tremblements de terre au manteau supérieur de l'arc Calabrien suggèrent la formation d'un nouveau fond océanique dans la coin SE de la mer Tyrrhénienne dans le sillage de l'arc Calabrien dérivant vers le ESE. Le secteur de la mer Egéenne semble être une «Verschluckungszone» pour des matériaux dérivant vers le centre à partir du NW et ENE.Le champ de contrainte dans la région est probablement lié à celui du système dorsal de l'océan Atlantique Nord. Plusieurs données indiquent que pendant l'orogenèse alpine et même plus tôt les contraintes principales étaient orientées à peu près W-E et non pas dans la direction N-S comme ordinairement supposé jusqu'à maintenant.
![Kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1056.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1102.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1095.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![IEcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![IEcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1045.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) W-E ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) WNW-ESE. ![Ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1054.gif) ![chcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![Tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1058.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1050.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![khcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1058.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) - SE -, ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1050.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![jcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ESE. ![Ecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1069.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) -![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![softcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1100.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) NW ENE. ![Gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1043.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) W-E ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) , ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1057.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) -![Acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1044.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![chcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) -![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1100.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![jcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![zcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1079.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![gcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![yacy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) W-E, ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1085.gif) N-S, ![kcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ecy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1076.gif) ![scy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g4n136g16774kk48/xxlarge1086.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|