The tectonic history of the Pre-Saharan depression (Morocco) a geomorphological interpretation |
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Authors: | Dr Karl-Heinz Schmidt |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Institut für Physische Geographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 19, W-1000 Berlin 33, FRG |
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Abstract: | During the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods the Pre-Saharan depression between Ouarzazate and Errachidia was an area of deposition in a spatially and chronologically highly differentiated pattern. The variable structural and tectonic history of this region in also reflected in its denudational development. Until the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene the western part (Ouarzazate basin) was a depositional basin for lacustrine and alluvial sediments. Pediment formation did not start before the Pleistocene period. In the central part of the depression (between Boumalne and Tinerhir) denudational activity on cuesta scarps started already in the late Miocene to early Pliocene as can be deduced from a new dating of the Foum el Kous volcano (2.9 my) and from Djebl Sarhro gravels on the crest of the Paleogene scarp. In the easternmost part of the depression (between Goulmima and Errachidia) there are no Neogene sediments, and the calculations of rates of scarp retreat demonstrate that scarp backwearing must have begun in the late Eocene. Thus the shift from depositional to erosional activity in the Pre-Saharan depression ranges from the late Eocene to the Pleistocene. This is at the same time an expression of its complex tectonic history.
Zusammenfassung Die präsaharische Senke zwischen Ouarzazate und Errachidia war während der Kreide und des Tertiärs ein Sedimentationsgebiet mit zeitlich und räumlich hoch differenzierten Fazies- und Mächtigkeitsabfolgen. Die variable strukturelle und tektonische Entwicklung dieser Zeit spiegelt sich wider in der nachfolgenden Abtragungsgeschichte. Der westliche Teil der Senke, das Becken von Ouarzazate, war bis zum späten Pliozän/frühen Pleistozän ein Ablagerungsbecken für limnische und alluviale Sedimente, bis im frühen Pleistozän die Genese von Pedimenten einsetzte. Im zentralen Teil der präsaharischen Senke zwischen Boumalne und Tinerhir begann die erosive Reliefentwicklung an Stufenhängen bereits im späten Miozän bis frühen Pliozän, wie sich aus einer absoluten Datierung des Ankaratrits des Foum el Kous (2,9 my) ableiten läßt, der sich in die zu dieser Zeit bereits existente Stufenvorlandzone ergoß. Eine untere Zeitmarke für die Entstehung der Schichtstufe stellen die von Süden vom Djebl Sarhro in die Senke hereintransportierten Schotter von Timadriouine dar. Im Ostteil der präsaharischen Senke zwischen Goulmima und Errachidia fehlen neogene Sedimente, und die Ermittlung von Stufenrückwanderungsraten für die Hamada de Meski zeigt, daß die Abtragung hier schon im späten Eozän eingesetzt haben muß. Der Wechsel von Sedimentations- zu subaerischen Abtragungsbedingungen reicht in der präsaharischen Senke vom frühen Pleistozän im Westen bis zum Eozän im Osten. Das ist auf geomorphologischer Grundlage ein Hinweis auf die komplexe strukturelle und tektonische Entwicklung dieser Region.
Résumé Au cours du Crétacé et du Tertiaire, la dépression présaharienne entre Ouarzazate et Errachidia a été un domaine de sédimentation marqué par de fortes variations de faciès et d'épaisseurs dans le temps et dans l'espace. L'histoire structurale et tectonique mouvementée de cette période se reflète également dans la dénudation qui a suivi. La partie ouest de la dépression (bassin d'Ouarzazate) a constitué jusqu'à la limite Plio-Pléistocène une aire de dépôt de sédiments lacustres et alluviaux; la formation de pédiments n'y a débuté qu'au Pléistocène. Dans la partie centrale de la dépression, entre Boumalne et Tinerhir, l'érosion en cuestas a débuté dès le Miocène supérieur/Pliocène inférieur, comme l'indique une datation récente à 2,9 Ma de l'ankaratrite du volcan Foum el Kous qui s'est écoulée en avant d'une cuesta qui existait déjà à ce moment. Une limite inférieure pour la formation des cuestas est fournie par les graviers de Timadriouine transportés dans la dépression depuis le sud à partir du Djebel Sarhro.Dans la partie orientale de la dépression présaharienne, entre Goulmina et Errachidia, les sédiments néogènes font défaut et l'évaluation de la vitesse de recul des fronts de cuestas montre que ce processus a dû commencer à l'Eocène supérieur. Ainsi, le passage de la sédimentation à l'activité érosive dans la dépression pré-saharienne varie du Pléistocène inférieur à l'ouest, à l'Eocène à l'est. C'est là, à partir de données géomorphologiques, une indication de l'histoire structurale et tectonique complexe de cette région.
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![zcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1102.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ; ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1102.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) Boumalne Tinerhir ![ucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1078.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1079.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![gcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) (![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1101.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![shcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![jcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1081.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) Foum el Kous (2,9 Ma), ![kcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1080.gif) ![jcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![yacy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1103.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1099.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1100.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1044.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/x757x57877l28014/xxlarge1084.gif) 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