企业员工通勤活动的时间弹性和空间弹性对出发时间选择的影响

弹性通勤逐渐成为城市经济、城市地理学的研究热点，弹性工作时间在政策文件和企业管理中被频繁提及。国内对企业员工通勤出发时间选择的研究较少考虑活动因素。立足于上海市交通拥挤与职住失衡的背景，以闵行区企业员工为研究对象，借鉴多项logit模型分析通勤活动的时间和空间弹性对企业员工出发时间选择的影响。结论如下：（1）员工早晚通勤出发时刻集中在高峰时段，与晚通勤相比，早通勤出发时间的选择更集中于高峰前和高峰中。（2）个人社会经济特征、城市建成环境特征、通勤时空特征对员工通勤的出发时间选择产生影响。（3）对于控制变量，年龄和收入因素制约了早通勤出发时间选择；工作地在郊区或商业可达性较差的员工，更不倾向于早高峰前出行；公交可达性较差的，则不倾向于晚高峰后出行。（4）工作地弹性、出发时间弹性、驻停时间及驻停地弹性等均对早通勤出发时间选择产生显著影响。仅出发时间弹性和到达时间弹性对晚通勤出发时间选择产生显著影响。

The impact of commuting time-space flexibility of employees on the choice of departure time

With the rapid development of industrialization, urbanization and transportation in China, the phenomenon of separation of residence and employment is becoming more and more obvious. The separation of work and residence is one of the reasons leading to traffic congestion. Reducing the time constraints of arriving at the work and increasing the flexibility of the time arrangement of the work are conducive to the staggered peak travel of residents. At present, there are few studies on residents’ choice of departure time, studies only take into account personal socioeconomic attributes, urban built environment and other factors, but do not consider the flexibility of commuting activities.Based on the background of traffic congestion and imbalance between work and living in Shanghai, this paper takes employees in Minhang District as the object, and uses multinomial logit model to analyze the impact of commuting time-space flexibility of Employees on the choice of departure time.First, the departure time of commuting is concentrated in the peak period, and the departure time of morning commuting is more concentrated in the pre-peak and mid-peak period than evening commuting.Second, personal socioeconomic characteristics, urban built environment and commuting space-time characteristics have an impact on the choice of departure time.Third, for control variables, age and income constraints the choice of departure time for morning commuting.Employees who work in suburbs or have poor business accessibility are less inclined to travel before the early rush hour.Those who have poor bus accessibility are not inclined to travel after the late rush hour. Employees with shorter commuting distance are neither inclined to travel before the early rush hour nor after the late rush hour.Fourth,the flexibility of working place, departure time, stop time and location have significant effects on the choice of departure time for morning commuting.Only the flexibility of departure and arrival time have effects for evening commuting.In the future, urban transport planning can combine with the reform of flexible working hours system in enterprises, and pay attention to the management of travel needs of employees, so as to improve their spatial and temporal accessibility.The commuting management of employees is conducive to realizing the reasonable coordination of job-housing imbalance and optimizing the management of traffic congestion.