Flow in open channels under the influence of ice cover |
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Authors: | Wojciech Majewski |
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Institution: | (1) Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, ul. Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warszawa, Poland;(2) Committee of Water Resources Management, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kościerska 7, 80-328 Gdańsk, Poland |
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Abstract: | During winters in Poland, lakes, ponds, rivers, channels, run-of-reservoirs, ditches and streams are covered with ice, which
changes significantly the flow and thermal conditions in water bodies. The paper presents a very complicated process of ice
formation on stagnant and flowing waters. Various kinds of ice are described together with their consequences for flow and
thermal conditions. The possibility to define flow conditions in open channels with ice cover is described. In 1982, a significant
flood on Włocławek Reservoir (Lower Vistula River) appeared, which was caused by the coincidence of unfavourable, extreme
hydrological and meteorological conditions. These conditions, as well as the run and consequences of the flood, are described.
Detailed field measurements of ice cover and flow were carried out. One-dimensional model for steady nonuniform flow was developed
and applied to the conditions existing in 1982 on the Włocławek Reservoir. |
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Keywords: | ice formation thermal regime ice phenomena ice jam flood Wł ocł awek Reservoir |
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