沙漠化地区两种生态治理政策交易成本的比较研究

本文将交易成本分析引入沙漠化地区生态治理政策分析过程，构建生态治理政策交易成本分析框架，确定交易成本计算方法，估算内蒙古乌审旗退耕还林政策执行期间的交易成本为每年4 931.92元·hm-2。其中，政府直接支付占交易成本的50.06%，农户支付占交易成本的46.86%，政府直接支付是退耕还林机会成本的118.75%。草原休牧政策执行期间的交易成本为每年906.07元·hm-2，政府直接支付占交易成本的12.86%，农户支付占交易成本的80.35%，政府直接支付是草原休牧机会成本的23.30%。退耕还林政策的政府支付与退耕还林的机会成本大致相同，因此该政策执行效果良好，并且实现了退耕还林地区的全面禁牧。草原休牧政策的政府支付达不到休牧机会成本的1/4，牧民利益受到损失，牧民偷牧率达到100%，致使草原休牧流于形式。生态治理政策的交易成本分析，将为不同生态治理政策的比较和绩效评价提供一个新的角度，具有重要意义。

Comparative Analysis on Transaction Cost of Two Ecology Management Policies in Sandy Desertification Areas of China

This paper introduces transaction cost to the analysis on ecology management policy in sandy desertification areas, builds transaction cost analysis framework of ecology management policy, and determine the method to calculate the transaction cost. As a result, we estimate that the transaction cost in the project of restoring farmland to forest is about 4 931.92 Yuan·hm-2 every year，with government direct payment accounting for 50.06% and farmers taking 46.86% of the total transaction costs. Government direct payment takes 118.75% of the opportunity cost of restoring farmland to forest. The transaction cost in rest-grazing is 906.06 Yuan·hm-2 every year, with government direct payments accounting for 12.86% and farmers taking 80.35% of the total transaction cost. Government direct payment takes 23.30% of the opportunity cost of rest-grazing. The government direct payment of restoring farmland to forest is roughly the same as the opportunity cost of reusing farmland for other purposes. The figures indicate that the implementation of this policy has good effect, and the purpose of graze-prohibiting is achieved in restoring farmland to forest areas. The government payment for rest-grazing cannot reach 1/4 of the opportunity cost of rest-grazing, and the rate of grazing secretly is 100%, the purpose of rest-grazing cannot be achieved. The transaction cost analysis on ecological policy has great significance because of the new perspective it has provided for the ecology management policies performance evaluation and comparative study.