陕北长城沿线先秦时期生业与环境的关系

探寻环境和文化的一些要素在时间序列上的耦合，已经成为人地关系研究的重要内容。在环境影响文化的方式上，一些解释模型也被构建起来，但从人类文化的角度来考察人地关系的研究还有待深入。生业模式作为人类从自然环境中获取食物来源的方式，与自然环境和生产技术都有密切的关系。通过对陕北长城沿线先秦时期考古资料的梳理，总结出生业模式4个阶段的发展过程，即农业活动的开始、农牧混合经济的出现、农牧混合经济的进一步发展以及游牧业的出现。通过对多个全新世剖面的总结和对比，区域气候变化大体可以分为3个阶段：11.0~8.5cal.kaB.P. 不稳定的升温期、8.5~3.8cal.kaB.P. 较为稳定的高温期以及3.8~2.2cal.kaB.P. 的干冷期。在此基础上，对不同阶段生业模式的文化和环境背景进行了分析，揭示了生业模式是多种因素共同作用的产物，并进而展现了研究区生业与环境之间复杂的对应关系，以此说明生业变化并非只受到环境变化的影响，也不是所有的环境变化都必然引起生业的变化。由于动植物考古和古环境变化研究在时空分辨率上还有待提高，以及对人类社会文化的认识还不够深入，目前还不能揭示生业与环境关联的细节及其复杂的环境-文化背景。

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBSISTENCE AND ENVIRONMENT ALONG THE GREAT WALL IN NORTHERN SHAANXI DURING THE PRE-QIN PERIOD

In search of the coupling between some factor of environment and culture in time series has been the important part of the study about man-land relationship. Some explanation models about the way,in which the environment influenced cultures,were constructed. However,the research on the man-land relationship in the perspective of human culture needs more work. As the way people get food resource from nature,subsistence pattern is closely related to both physical environment and production technology. Accordingly,we intended to learn the man-land interaction through analyzing the impact of the environmental and cultural factors on subsistence. The study area,including Fugu,Shenmu,Yulin,Hengshan and Jingbian in administrative division,is located in the boundary of Loess Plateau and Mu Us desert. Based on the archaeological data,four stages of the history about subsistence pattern were distinguished:1)the emergence of agriculture,2)the formation of the mixed economy about agriculture and animal husbandry,3)the further development of the mixed economy,4)the emergence of nomadic herding. On the basis of many Holocene profiles,the regional environmental changes were broadly divided into three phases:the unstable warming period(11.0~8.5cal.kaB.P.),the relatively stable megathermal period(8.5~3.8cal.kaB.P.)and the dry and cold period(3.8~2.2cal.kaB.P.). Then the cultural and environmental backgrounds about subsistence pattern in different stages were analyzed. We discovered that subsistence pattern was the product of the combination of many factors and further showed the complex correspondence between subsistence and environment. Thus,the change of subsistence was not only affected by environmental change,and not all the environmental changes could lead to the change of subsistence. More researches are needed in the future to reveal the details between subsistence and environment and to elucidate the complex environmental and cultural backgrounds.