河南偃师二里头遗址动物骨胶原的H、O稳定同位素分析

考古遗址中人（动物）骨胶原的H、O稳定同位素分析，是近些年来国际古食谱分析涌现的新研究方向，但我国在此方面尚无任何报道。本文对河南偃师二里头遗址出土动物骨骼胶原蛋白中的δD和δ18O值进行测试分析，以期深入了解动物的饲养方式以及可能的迁徙活动。作为杂食类动物的猪，较食草类动物（鹿、黄牛和绵羊）具有稍高的δD值，这主要缘于δD沿营养级上升时产生的富集作用。在所有动物中，猪的 δ18O值标准偏差（0.3 ‰ ）最小，可能与先民对猪繁殖时间和宰杀年龄的严格控制密切相关。在食草类动物中，与野生动物鹿（δ18O平均值为9.1±0.7 ‰，n=5）相比，家养的黄牛（δ18O平均值为10.4±0.4 ‰，n=5）和绵羊（δ18O平均值为11.1±0.6 ‰，n=5）具有较高的 δ18O值，表明它们栖息于更为开阔的环境且食用了较多的C4类植物（粟类农作物的副产品）和植物纤维素。相对而言，绵羊较黄牛摄取了更多富含18O的植物茎叶，从而使其 δ18O值高于黄牛。因新陈代谢方式及饮用水来源的差异，反刍动物（鹿、黄牛和绵羊）的 δ18O值普遍高于非反刍动物（猪，δ18O平均值为7.3±0.3 ‰，n=11）。此外，4种动物均出现了具有迥异δD和 δ18O值的个体，表明他们很可能来源于外地，出于进贡或交流的目的出现于二里头遗址。

HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN STABLE ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL BONE COLLAGEN FROM ERLITOU SITE,YANSHI, HENAN PROVINCE

Currently,hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic analysis of bone collagen of humans or animals from archaeological sites has been increasingly used in palaeodietary reconstruction in international bioarchaeological fields. Basically,the hydrogen and oxygen in bone collagen are from the foods and drinking water consumed by humans or animals,which is derived from the living ecosystem directly. Therefore,differentiation of hydrogen and oxygen isotope values can provide valuable information on the diets,drinking water,palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment as well as potential organism movement. Although this technique is blooming,there has been no any similar study reported in China. Erlitou site,believed to be an exceptionally large urban center of Erlitou culture,is located in Erlitou Village of Zhaizhen Town,Henan Province,China,dating to 1880~1521 BC according to the chronological studies from the Xia-Shang-Zhou chronology project. According to the marvelous archaeological features,this site is generally regarded as the capital of Xia Dynasty. To understand animal feeding strategies and possible migrations,bone samples of 31 animals from the Erlitou site were chosen for hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis of bulk bone collagen. Samples were comprised of 6 cattle(Bos sp.),6 sheep(Ovis sp.),13 pigs(Sus scrofa domesticus),and 6 deer(Cervus nippon). There is no exact criteria to reveal the bone diagenesis of hydrogen and oxygen specifically. Therefore,the integrity of bone collagen is used as the only standard to reveal the possible contamination. The indexes,such as the collagen yields,carbon and nitrogen contents and atomic C/N ratios of bone collagen from all samples,are all located with the well-preserved range,indicating that the collagen extracted can be used for isotopic analysis. Hydrogen isotope analysis suggests that the pigs as omnivore had higher mean δD value(-63.6±7.1 ‰,n=13)than other animals(deer,cattle and sheep)as herbivore,which relates to the isotopic enrichment along the trophic level. However,this trend is not significant if one outliner of pig is omitted. The standard deviation of δ18O values of pigs is the lowest(0.3 ‰)among the four kinds of animals,which possibly relate with the strict control on breeding time and slaughter age for pigs by humans. Compared with the wild animal(deer with the mean value of 9.1±0.7 ‰,n=5),higher mean δ18O values for domestic cattle(10.4±0.4 ‰,n=5)and sheep(11.1±0.6 ‰,n=5)are observed,due to more open habitat and the consumption of more C4 plants(millets by-products)and plant fiber fed by humans. Furthermore,the mean δ18O value of sheep is higher than that of cattle,due to the fact that sheep relied more on plant stems or leaves to gain the drinking water. It is interesting to note that ruminant animals(deer,cattle,and sheep)had higher δ18O values than non-ruminant animals(pigs),which can be interpreted as the differences of metabolism and resources of food and drinking water. At last,some individuals with unusual δD or δ18O values within each animal species might be caused by the tribute or cultural exchange from other places to the Erlitou site.