A parameterization for the radio emission of air showers as predicted by CoREAS simulations and applied to LOFAR measurements |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Nikhef, Science Park Amsterdam, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands;4. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany;5. Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany;1. Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 58429-500 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil;2. Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil;3. Departamento de Astronomia, Observatório Nacional, 20921-400 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008;2. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049;1. Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France;2. University of Siegen, Germany;3. Departament d’Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain;4. Laboratory of Complex Systems, Scuola Superiore di Catania, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Measuring radio emission from air showers provides excellent opportunities to directly measure all air shower properties, including the shower development. To exploit this in large-scale experiments, a simple and analytic parameterization of the distribution of the radio signal at ground level is needed. Data taken with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) show a complex two-dimensional pattern of pulse powers, which is sensitive to the shower geometry. Earlier parameterizations of the lateral signal distribution have proven insufficient to describe these data. In this article, we present a parameterization derived from air-shower simulations. We are able to fit the two-dimensional distribution with a double Gaussian, requiring five fit parameters. All parameters show strong correlations with air shower properties, such as the energy of the shower, the arrival direction, and the shower maximum. We successfully apply the parameterization to data taken with LOFAR and discuss implications for air shower experiments. |
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| Keywords: | Cosmic rays Air shower Radio emission Lateral distribution LOFAR |
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