黄河下游引黄灌区水价与水资源调控*

40多年来,我国水利建设取得了巨大成就,但是,在以往的计划经济条件下,水利事业普遍存在着“重建轻管”的问题,延续至今,尚未妥善解决,从而导致一些地区水资源的极度浪费及出现不良的环境后效。水资源管理是水资源合理开发利用的基本保证,它涉及到政策、法律、体制、经济及现代科学技术,是一个跨部门、跨学科的系统工程。目前,我国在水资源管理中最突出的问题是尚未完全纳入市场经济的轨道,水价远低于供水成本,不能发挥水费征收的经济杠杆作用,遏制水资源的浪费及合理地调控地表水与地下水资源,同时,偏低的水价也使供水部门缺乏足够的资金进行工程运营与维修,造成工程老化,降低供水效率^[1].黄河下游灌区,位于豫鲁两省境内,灌溉面积约2800万亩(186.6×10⁴hm²),多年平均引水量在100×10⁸m³左右,该灌区自50年代末引黄灌溉以来,上述问题表现尤为突出。随着黄河上、中游地区的发展,用水量增加,使黄河下游灌区的用水矛盾越来越突出。此文试图以此为典型,分析供水成本的构成、现行水价确定中存在的问题及其对水资源调控的影响,供水价问题的深入研究及水价政策的制定参考。

WATER PRICE AND REGULATION AND CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE IRRIGATED AREAS AT THE LOWER REACHES OF DELIVERING WATER FROM THE YELLOW RIVER

Since 1949, a great achievement on water conservency has been gotten in China.But emphasis on construction of water project, and neglect of water management have existed for a long time under planning economy in the past in China.Water management is a fundamental way to develop and use water resources.It is a great systematic research related to policy, law, institution, economy and modernization of sciences and techniques.Water price is an outstanding problem in water management since the price is too low to cover investment and management cost of water projects which are become senile and inefficient, causing the waste of water and damaging the environment in China.The lower Reaches Irrigation District of delivering water from the Yellow River is located in Shangdong and Henang Provinces.The irrigated area is about 2 800×10⁴mu (186.6×10⁴ha).The amount of delivering water from the Yellow River is about 10 billon m³.The irrigation district is selected as an example to analyse the problems including composition of water cost, present water price and relationship between water price and regulation and control of water resources in this paper, because the contradiction between water supply and water demand is becaming more serious with the growth of population and economy in the Basin of the Yellow River.