伊犁河谷文化遗址时空分布及地理背景研究

选取伊犁河谷为研究区，探讨了夏朝以来的1 029处遗址时空分布和地理背景。结果表明：遗址分布的地貌类型依次为“河岸阶地→河流谷地、谷地的丘陵和高阶地→低起伏低山和低丘陵→冲（洪）积平原、河谷平原”。遗址分布范围分别经历了“分散”、“扩大”、“收敛”、“集中”的演变，其空间格局由前3个时期的“东高西低”演变为后3个时期的“西高东低”，其分布中心经历了从河流“中上游→下游”的演变。遗址集中分布于第2～8级（601～1 300 m）高程和第1～5级坡度（0～9°），且随着时间的推移，其表现出从高海拔、高坡度向低海拔、低坡度转移的趋势。古遗址数量、规模均以宋元明时期最高，而古墓葬则以春秋-秦时期居首。古墓葬遗址主导文化经历了“安德罗诺沃文化→索墩布拉克文化→乌孙文化”的演变过程。

Spatio-temporal distribution of cultural sites and geographic backgrounds in the Ili River Valley

Cultural site is the product of the interaction of natural and human factors,and it reflects the man-earth relationship during a specific historical period. This paper analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of cultural sites and geographic background in the Ili River Valley, Xinjiang, China since the Xia Dynasty. Results show that the geomorphic types of cultural sites during the six periods (Xia Dynasty-Xizhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period-Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty-the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty-Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty-Yuan Dynasty-Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty-the modern time)are respectively river terraces, river valley and hills and high level terraces in the valley, low mountains and hills, alluvial plains, diluvial plains, and valley plains. It is obvious that sites transfer from river terrace to plain. Distribution of cultural sites went through an evolution process of dispersion, expansion, convergence and concentration. The spatial pattern changed from "high in the east and low in the west" in the former three periods to "high in the west and low in the east" in the latter three periods, and the distribution center migrated from middle and upstream areas to downstream areas which illustrated the barycenter transfer of human activity space. There are significant differences in elevations and slopes of the sites' distribution during the six periods. Sites are distributed mainly in the elevations of grades 2-8 (601-1 300 m) and the slopes of grades 1-5 (0-9°), with the proportions of 66% and 78%, respectively. But as time went on, sites numbers showed a shifting trend from high elevations and slopes areas to low elevations and slopes regions. The ancient sites are the highest in quantity and largest in scale in Song Dynasty-Yuan Dynasty-Ming Dynasty, while the ancient tombs are the highest in quantity in Spring and Autumn Period-Qin Dynasty, the tombs' dominant culture experienced a change from Andronovo culture to Suodunbulake culture, and to Wusun culture. Admittedly, cultural sites in the Ili River Valley during the historical periods are based on natural factors such as landforms, terraces, climate, and water resources, and are affected by many humanity factors such as adjustment of the ruling policy by the Central Plains, vicissitude of the silk road, changes of human productive means, habits of nomadic ethnic, etc. But this study just focused on the influences of landforms, slopes and elevations on the spatio-temporal distribution of cultural sites, and did not considered the humanity factors; besides, we only made an comprehensive study of the cultural sites rather than a classified study, which should be further conducted.