我国西北大规模太阳能与风能发电场建设产生的可能气候效应

作为取之不尽的清洁能源，太阳能和风能将是未来潜力最大的可再生能源，是解决全球变暖、能源短缺、环境恶化等问题的有效途径。然而太阳能和风能的能量密度偏小，大规模建设太阳能和风能发电场将改变大面积的地表属性，有可能通过陆气相互作用过程，改变局地和区域气候，甚至有可能通过遥相关过程，产生更大的气候影响。本文利用RegCM4.5区域数值模式，模拟了在我国西北干旱和半干旱区域建设太阳能和风力发电场的气候效应，分析表明:（1）在西北地区大规模建立太阳能和风能发电场将导致局地地面净短波辐射增加，地表感热通量升高，近地面气温升高，增加新疆西部地区、河西走廊地区和我国黄淮等地的降水量，而华北部分地区降水减少。（2）地表反照率对气候的影响大于地表粗糙度对气候的影响，因此太阳能利用导致的气候效应大于风能利用的影响。（3）反照率改变导致低层形成气旋性环流，我国中部地区出现南风异常，西北地区产生异常东风；在高层形成反气旋环流，可以影响我国大部分地区。（4）当只在西北地区20%的面积上建立太阳能和风能发电场时，局地近地面气温不会产生明显的改变，河西走廊地区的降水稍有增加，环流的改变较弱，基本不会有显著的气候影响。

Climate Effect Assessment of Ideal Large-Scale Solar and Wind Power Farms in Northwest China

Solar energy and wind energy show the greatest potential as sources of renewable energy when it comes to large-scale development and utilization for satisfying energy demands, reducing CO₂ emissions, and solving the climate change problem. However, the energy density of solar and wind energy is relatively low. The conversion of energy structures from being fossil fuel dependent to utilizing clean energy from solar and wind energy requires the construction of solar and wind farms over a very large region. Consequently, this may lead to changes in the local and regional climates through the land–air interaction process and even produce remote climate impact through the teleconnection process. Using the RegCM 4.5 regional climate model, this study simulates the climatic effects of building solar and wind farms in arid and semi–arid regions of Northwest China. Results show that: (1) large-scale establishment of solar and wind power plants across Northwest China will lead to an increase in the net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and near-surface temperatures. Precipitation increases in the western Xinjiang Province, Hexi Corridor, and Huang–Huai valley. (2) The influence of surface albedo on climate is greater than that of surface roughness, suggesting that the climatic effect caused by solar energy utilization is greater than that caused by wind energy. (3) Albedo changes cause cyclonic circulation at the lower levels, leading to a southerly anomaly in central China and an easterly anomaly in Northwest China. At the upper levels, an anticyclonic circulation is caused, which can affect most of China. (4) When solar and wind power plants are built on 20% of the area of Northwest China, no significant change can be caused in the local near-surface temperature. Though the precipitation increases slightly in the Hexi Corridor region, the regional and remote circulation changes are very weak and the climate effect is negligible.