Contrasting lipid biomarkers in mountain rivers in the Nepal Himalayas:Organic matter characteristics and contribution to the fluvial carbon pool

The Nepal Himalayas is the source of many glacial and spring-fed river systems crisscrossing the moun-tainous terrain.There is an increasing recognition of small mountain rivers(SMRs)to have a significant combined export of dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the global carbon flux.We analyzed flu-vial sediments from two SMRs and compared the results with two large mountain rivers(LMRs)in Nepal.We investigated the organic matter(OM),its compositional variability,and seasonal export using a suite of lipid biomarkers,namely n-alkanes,n-alkanoic acids,n-alkanols,and sterols.The SMRs indicated a similarity in lipid distribution and were affected by a strong seasonal variability.The LMRs showed a dis-tinct contrast in the distribution of lipids in suspended sediments.Bedload sediments in SMRs were derived from diverse sources with weak terrigenous dominance all-year-round compared to the sus-pended load.Functional lipids(n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols)were the major constituents in SMR sed-iments,indicating better preservation.In contrast,n-alkane concentration dominated over other fractions in suspended sediments retrieved from LMRs.The biomarker trends differentiate SMRs from LMRs with lower transformed/degraded OM in SMRs.A common observation was the strong presence of even carbon compounds in short-chain n-alkanes in SMR bedload sediments and their predominance in suspended sediments in LMRs.Such an unusual trend is attributed to specific biomarker sources from the catchment and ongoing processes in fluvial systems.Topsoil colonized by fungal species under moist acidic condi-tions and autochthonous bacteria contributes to the organic matter pool in shallow SMRs.In LMRs,the contribution from thermally mature sedimentary hydrocarbons and the diagenetic reduction of n-alkanoic acids to n-alkanes are additional contributors to the allochthonous carbon pool.The differences in lipid concentrations,their distribution,seasonality,and the size of rivers suggest differential preserva-tion/degradation of the organic matter pool and their importance in contributing to the carbon budget.