从理念到行动：温室气体与局地污染物减排的协同效益与协同控制研究综述

自20世纪90年代IPCC提出协同效益概念以来,大量研究充分证实了温室气体减排政策、措施能产生可观的局地生态环境质量和健康效益。相应地,既有研究也证实局地大气污染物减排政策、措施对温室气体减排同样具有协同效益。中国进入工业化成熟期不久,局地大气污染压力即达到峰值,又迎头遭遇国际应对气候变化浪潮,同时面临空气污染物与温室气体双重减排压力。因此,国内研究不仅关注“由碳及污”或“由污及碳”的单向协同效益评估,更加重视对综合减排措施的协同效益评价。21世纪初,美国国家环保局提出的温室气体与局地大气污染物协同控制概念在中国得到更为广泛的欢迎和接受,并由中国学者首先定义了协同控制的内涵,认为协同控制是实现最大化协同效益的手段和途径。这一进展将人们对协同效益的认识提升到“全球视野、局地行动”的新高度,推动人们从被动地接受“协同效益”,转而主动寻求“协同控制”温室气体和局地大气污染物,为统筹全球和国内（局地）两个减排战场,提供了从认识论、方法论到实践论的全方位支持。中国学者在国内外协同效益、协同控制研究基础上,构建协同控制效应评价和协同控制路径规划方法,并通过多个行业、城市、区域的案例研究证实了该方法体系的科学性和可行性。“协同控制”也已上升成为国家应对气候变化和持续改善大气环境质量的重要策略。在中国推进美丽中国建设、实现碳达峰目标和碳中和愿景的过程中,协同控制的理念、措施、政策将发挥愈加重要的作用。未来,协同控制研究需要将所关注的对象要素,从仅局限于大气扩展至整个生态环境系统;而对建立协同控制的治理体系的研究,将成为实现宏观层面气候变化与生态环境治理协同的关键。

From concept to action: a review of research on co-benefits and co-control of greenhouse gases and local air pollutants reductions

Since the IPCC put forward the concept of co-benefits in the 1990s, a number of studies have fully confirmed that greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission reduction policies and measures can produce considerable local environmental quality and health benefits. Correspondingly, existing studies have also confirmed that local air pollutants reduction policies and measures also have synergistic benefits for GHGs reduction. Soon after China completed its industrialization, the pressure of local air pollution reached its peak, and at the same time, it faced the tide of international community calling for climate change mitigation, and thus faced the dual pressure of reducing both GHGs and local air pollutants. Therefore, domestic researchers not only paid attention to the one-way co-beneifts evaluation of “from carbon reduction to local pollutants reduction” or “from local air pollutants reduction to carbon reduction”, but also put emphasis on integrated emission reductions. At the beginning of the 21st century, the concept of “co-control” proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency was introduced into China and warmly embraced. Chinese scholars first defined the connotation of co-control, and believed that co-control was the way to maximize co-benefits. This progress has raised people’s awareness of co-benefits to a new level of “global vision and local action”, and promoted people from passively accepting “co-benefits” to actively seeking “co-control” of both global and local pollutants. It provides an all-round support from epistemology, methodology to practice, for the carbon and local air pollutants co-reduction. On the basis of researches on co-benefits and co-control at home and abroad, Chinese scholars have proposed methods for evaluating co-control effectiveness and planning co-control paths, and verified the scientificity and feasibility of the methods through case studies in multiple industries, cities, and regions. Co-control has become an important national strategy for mitigating climate change and continuously improving the quality of the atmospheric environment. In the process of China’s promotion of the construction of a beautiful China and the realization of its carbon peak goals and carbon neutrality vision, the concept, measures and policies of co-control will play an increasingly important role. In the near future, the co-control objectives will expand from only the atmosphere to the broader eco-environmental system, and the establishment of a co-control governance system will become the key to realize coordination of climate change and ecological environment governance at the macro level.