Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: Bars,bar-complexes and sandstone sheets (low-sinuosity braided streams) in the brownstones (L. devonian), welsh borders

The fine to very coarse sandstones, gravelly sandstones and intraformational conglomerates of the mid to upper Brownstones are excellently exposed in large fresh road cuttings near Ross-on-Wye in the southern Welsh Borders. Detailed mapping of the cuttings reveals an hierarchically ordered system of mainly erosional bedding contacts which divide the beds into hierarchically structured packets. The smallest packets, involving cross-bedded or plane-bedded sediments or combinations of these, are consistent with deposition from strongly three-dimensional and often large, loosely periodic to non-repetitive bars. A locally developed facies of trough cross-bedded sandstones points to the infrequent occurrence of fields of three-dimensional dunes. The bar- and dune-related units are grouped into large complexes (related to the storeys of other workers), with an internal geometry consistent with lateral accretion (in places clearly symmetrical) combined with forward accretion on shoals (sand flats) within a braided channel, as in the South Saskatchewan River. In their turn, the complexes are combined into laterally extensive, conglomerate-floored sandstone sheets several metres thick. These seem to express the wandering of a braided channel across a mud-draped floodplain. To judge from the sedimentary structures and textures, the thickness of the lateral accretion deposits, and the size of the major scours, the bankfull discharge of the rivers was a few thousand cumecs each.