Generation of mantle plumes in the peripherals of giant hot provinces on the mantle bottom beneath supercontinents

This paper presents the numerical models built for convection in a three-component mantle with heavy matter in the form of the D“ layer and a light highly viscous supercontinent. The models explain deformation of the heavy layer by mantle flows with hot provinces concentrating on the mantle bottom. The role played by supercontinents in plume generation is also explained, as well as the regularities of how plumes, which produce hot spots, traps, and basaltic plateaus on the Earth’s surface and ore diamond deposits in the lithosphere, are generated on the mantle bottom.