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Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit (NW Turkey): a sedimentary basin under control of the North Anatolian Fault Zone |
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| Authors: | Erdal Dolu Erkan Gökaşan Engin Meriç Mustafa Ergin Tolga Görüm Hüseyin Tur Berkan Ecevitoğlu Niyazi Avşar Muhittin Görmüş Fatmagül Batuk Buğser Tok Oktay Çetin |
| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Marine Science and Management, Istanbul University, Vefa, 34470, Istanbul, Turkey 2. Natural Science Research Center, Y?ld?z Technical University, Be?ikta?, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey 3. Moda, Hüseyin Bey Sok. 15/4, Kad?k?y, 34710, Istanbul, Turkey 4. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering/Geological Research Center for Fluvial, Lacustrine, and Marine Environments (AGDEJAM), Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey 5. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul University, Avc?lar, 34850, Istanbul, Turkey 6. Department of Geophysics Engineering, Ankara University, Tando?an, 06100, Ankara, Turkey 7. Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Geology Department, ?ukurova University, Balcal?, 01330, Adana, Turkey 8. Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology, Süleyman Demirel University, ?ünür, 32100, Isparta, Turkey 9. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geodesy and Fotogrametric Engineering, Y?ld?z Technical University, Be?ikta?, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey 10. Department of the Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Turkish Navy, ?ubuklu, 81647, Istanbul, Turkey 11. Science-Lettres Faculty, Department of Physics, Abant ?zzet Baysal University, G?lk?y, 14280, Bolu, Turkey |
| Abstract: | The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of İzmit, situated on the tectonically active North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), was investigated using seismic reflection, paleontologic, and sediment textural data. On the basis of seismic stratigraphic and sedimentologic-paleontologic interpretations, four depositional units were distinguished within the Plio-Quaternary sequence of the Gulf of İzmit. According to these data, Plio-Quaternary deposits supplied from the northern terrestrial area started to accumulate during a progradational phase, in a south-facing half-graben. A coarse-grained sedimentary unit prograding into the gulf from the south since 200 ka b.p. indicates a dramatic variation in the evolution of the gulf, with the initiation of a new strike-slip fault of the NAFZ and a corresponding uplift of the Armutlu Peninsula in the south of the gulf. During the evolution of this fault from a wide shear zone consisting of right-stepped strike-slip faults and pull-apart basins to a localized principal fault zone, sediments were deposited under the influence of northerly prograding terrestrial and shallow-marine conditions due to relative sea-level fluctuations in the Marmara Sea. During this period, the Gulf of İzmit was invaded mainly by Mediterranean and partly by Black Sea waters. In the latest glacial period, shallow areas in the gulf became subaerially exposed, whereas the central and western sub-basins of the gulf turned into lakes. The present evolution of the Gulf of İzmit is controlled by the after effects of the new rupture of the NAFZ and the estuarine nature of the gulf environment. |
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