“共位集群”视角下的农业产业集群演化路径与网络——以福建省漳平市茶产业为例

结合实地调研与半结构访谈法，从集群演化生命周期视角出发，建立“路径－网络－制度”演化研究框架，在此基础上对比两种不同类型农业产业集群形成演化路径与特征，探究其共位发展的演化过程，并探讨形成“共位集群”的潜力与发展路径。结果表明：1）漳平永福高山茶集群作为外资驱动型集群，其发展显示出较强的“初动能”与正式制度依赖性，在台资驱动下经历两端在外、原生路径移植的萌芽期，叠加多级政策外力进入成长期，并逐步实现三产融合发展的路径突破，其间伴随由原生关系网络转向本地生产网络，逐步嵌入全球生产网络的演化过程，但其本地溢出效应有限且存在用地资源限制等路径锁定风险因素；2）作为本地内生型集群，漳平水仙茶产业集群具备更强的“能动性”与社会制度依赖性，在原有历史积淀及地区禀赋基础上萌芽，通过政府扶持实现路径修复，逐步恢复由地方关系网络主导的集群生产网络而进入成长期，初步形成专业化分工格局，成熟的产业氛围及较强的地方根植性使得集群创新网络已初现雏形，但因企业规模有限、外部力量不足等限制存在路径锁定风险；3）集群的共位发展可辅助消除路径锁定风险，而两者由萌芽阶段的独立共生，演化至成长阶段前期的共位竞争，并最终形成共位竞合关系，表明其具备形成“共位集群”的发展潜力与潜在路径。由此，推动地区农业“共位集群”的发展，地区正式制度安排是关键推力，而龙头企业、中小企业与农户组织在其中扮演着重要角色。

The Evolution Path and Network of Agricultural Clusters from the Perspective of"Co-Location Clusters":A Case Study of the Zhangping Tea Industry in Fujian Province

The formation and evolution of agricultural industrial clusters experience a life cycle comprising different stages,accompanied by different paths,networks,and institutional characteristics.Foreign capitaldriven agricultural industrial clusters and local endogenous clusters show different development characteristics at different life cycle stages.This study aims to provide a useful reference for promoting the local embeddedness and innovation network construction of clusters,thus strengthening the cooperation and co-innovation evolution between foreign capital-driven clusters and local endogenous clusters.Taking Zhangping City,Fujian Province,as the research area,combined with field research and a semi-structured interview,this paper establishes the research framework of"path-network-institution"evolution.Further,it attempts to analyze the evolution process of their co-development based on the comparative study of the evolution paths and essences of Zhangping Yongfu High-mountain tea and the Narcissus tea industrial cluster.In doing so,it adopts the perspective of the life cycles of cluster evolution.The results showed that the trigger mechanism of the Yongfu High-mountain tea cluster drives by the Taiwan Residents agricultural investment.Therefore,the Yongfu High-mountain tea cluster shows stronger initial kinetic energy and institutional dependence than the Narcissus tea industrial cluster.Driven by Taiwan Residents agricultural investment,it experienced the embryonic stage of original path transplantation by both ends of the outside world.It has entered its growth stage by superimposing multi-level policy forces,and gradually accomplished the path breakthrough of the integration of the three industries.During this period,it was accompanied by the evolution process from the original relationship network to the local production network and was gradually embedded into the global production network.However,its local spillover effect is limited and there are risk factors that engender path locking.The development history of the Narcissus tea industry in Zhangping can be traced back to the early 20th century.As it was affected by war and other factors,this industrial development was interrupted in the 1950s.Hence,the trigger mechanism for the formation of the Zhangping Narcissus tea industrial cluster is the path repair of the original agricultural cluster.It includes the inheritance of traditional technology,the advantages of local resources,and the promotion of the market and government in the new era.The Zhangping Narcissus tea industrial cluster shows stronger"initiative"and social system dependence than the Yongfu High-mountain tea cluster.On the basis of the original historical accumulation and regional endowment,it has achieved government-sponsored path restoration.With the path extension and dependence,the local production network has gradually formed,and the prototype of the innovation network of the cluster has developed.However,certain path locking risks remain,such as the limited scale of enterprise and the insufficient external force.The two clusters evolved from an independent symbiosis in their incubation stage to cocompetition in the early stage of growth.Finally,they formed a relationship of"competition-cooperation,"which indicates the potential and path of the development of"co-location clusters."To promote the development of a regional agricultural"co-location cluster",regional institutional arrangement is critical,in which leading enterprises,minor enterprises,and farmers’organizations are instrumental.