A Time-Transformed Leapfrog Scheme |
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Authors: | Seppo Mikkola Sverre Aarseth |
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Institution: | (1) Turku University Observatory, Tuorla, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland;(2) Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, U.K |
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Abstract: | We present a time-transformed leapfrog scheme combined with the extrapolation method to construct an integrator for orbits in N-body systems with large mass ratios. The basic idea can be used to transform any second-order differential equation into a form which may allow more efficient numerical integration. When applied to gravitating few-body systems this formulation permits extremely close two-body encounters to be considered without significant loss of accuracy. The new scheme has been implemented in a direct N-body code for simulations of super-massive binaries in galactic nuclei. In this context relativistic effects may also be included. |
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Keywords: | time transformations second-order differential equations composite integration N-body problem |
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