One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos,Spain) |
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| Authors: | J. Rodríguez F. Burjachs G. Cuenca-Bescós N. García J. Van der Made A. Pérez González H.-A. Blain I. Expósito J.M. López-García M. García Antón E. Allué I. Cáceres R. Huguet M. Mosquera A. Ollé J. Rosell J.M. Parés X.P. Rodríguez C. Díez J. Rofes E. Carbonell |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Avenida de la Paz 28, 09004 Burgos, Spain;2. ICREA Research Professor at Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Plaça Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;3. Area de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;4. Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;5. Centro de Investigación (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, c/Sinesio Delgado, 4 (Pabellón 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain;6. Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, C.S.I.C., José G. Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;7. IPHES (Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social). Área de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Plaça Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;8. Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;9. Dpto. CC. Históricas. Laboratorio de Prehistoria. I+D+I, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos, Spain;10. IPHES. Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;1. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n 09002 Burgos, Spain;2. Dpt. Matemáticas y Computación, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain;1. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Zona educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (EdificiW3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain;2. Laboratorio de Prehistoria, I+D+I, Universidad de Burgos, Pl. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain;3. Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), av. Catalunya, 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain;4. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing (IVPP), China;1. Geochronology Program, CENIEH, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002 Burgos, Spain;2. Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;3. IPHES (Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social), Área de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Plaça Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;4. Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico de Granada, Carrera. Del Darro 41-43, 18010 Granada, Spain;1. Área de Prehistoria, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Universidad de Burgos, C/Villadiego, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain;2. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain;3. Área de Prehistória, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain;4. Institut Català de Palaeoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, C/Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain;5. Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology (IVPP), Beijing, PR China;1. Département de Préhistoire, Muséum national d''histoire naturelle, UMR7194, 1, rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France;2. US Geological Survey, ms/470, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States;3. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH) Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca s/n, 09002 Burgos, Spain;4. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n (Edifici W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;5. Àrea de Prehistòria, Dept. d''Història i Història de l''Art, Univ. Rovira i Virgili, Fac. de Lletres, Av. Catalunya, 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain;6. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l''Environnement, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France;7. GEOTOP, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada;8. CEA/I²BM, F-91401 Orsay Cedex, France;9. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of Beijing (IVPP), Beijing, China;10. Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Sinesio Delgado 4, Pabellón 14, 28029 Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | The present paper analyses the evidence provided by three sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, and Galería) located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of the Sierra de Atapuerca. These three sites are cave infillings that contain sediments deposited from approximately 1.2 Ma to 200 kyr. Pollen, herpetofauna, and small and large mammal remains are used as proxies to obtain a general picture of the environmental changes that occurred at the Sierra de Atapuerca throughout the one million-year period represented at these sites. Similarly, cultural changes are tracked analyzing the evidence of human behavior obtained from the study of several bone and lithic assemblages from these three sites. At least three periods with different cultural features, involving technology, subsistence and behavior, are determined from the available evidence. The first two periods correspond to the Mode 1 technology and Homo antecessor: the first is dated around 1.2 to 1.0 Ma and reflects opportunistic behavior both in technology and subsistence. The second period is around 800 kyr BP. Mode 1 technology is still maintained, but subsistence strategies include systematic hunting and the use of base camps. The third period is dated between 500 ka and 200 ka and corresponds to the Mode 2 technology and the acquisition of directional hunting and other organizational strategies by Homo heidelbergensis. A transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 seems to appear at the end of this time-range, and may reflect the early phases of a fourth cultural change. With regard to the environment, our main conclusion is that there was an absence of extremely harsh conditions at Atapuerca throughout this time period. The presence of Mediterranean taxa was constant and the dominant landscape was a savannah-like open environment, probably with small forest patches. An alternation of Mediterranean and mesic species as the dominant component of the tree storey was induced by the climatic cycles, and steppes spread across the landscape during the drier periods. In any case, it is not possible to establish clear cut-off points separating entirely different environmental episodes. Our results show no evidence of any relationship between environmental change and cultural change at the Sierra de Atapuerca. |
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