Contributions and unrealized potential contributions of cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology, 1990–2010 |
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| Authors: | Greg Balco |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory (PRIME Lab), Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;3. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;4. German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany;5. Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Northridge, USA;6. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA;7. Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA;8. Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia;9. Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA;10. Central Asian Institute of Applied Geosciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;11. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia;12. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;1. University of Tuebingen, Department of Geosciences, Wilhelmstrasse 56, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany;2. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic;3. Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21, Praha 1, Czech Republic;4. University of Córdoba, Department of Agronomy, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;5. University of León, Department of Geography and Geology, Campus de Vegazana, 12071 León, Spain;6. ETH-Zurich, Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;1. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;3. School of Earth and Climate Sciences and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;4. GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;5. Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK;6. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 95064, USA;7. Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;8. Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA;9. Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2107, USA;10. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK;1. Earth & Environmental Science Department, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;2. Earth & Space Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;3. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France, UM 34 CEREGE, Technopôle de l''Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France;4. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1396, USA;5. Department of Geosciences, University Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany;6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;7. Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;8. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;9. NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;10. Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;11. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;12. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Geography Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;13. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA;14. Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA;1. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), F-38041 Grenoble, France;2. Aix Marseille Université, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France, UM 34 CEREGE, BP80, 13545 Aix en Provence, France;3. Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland;4. Space Research and Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland;5. Department of Nuclear Physics, Komensky University, Sk-842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;6. EDF-DTG, 21 avenue de l''Europe, BP 41, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France |
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| Abstract: | This paper reviews the application of cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology. Exposure dating of glacial landforms has made an outsize impact on this field because the technique filled an obvious need that had already been recognized by glacial geologists. By now, hundreds of studies have used cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to date glacial deposits, and in fact it is rare to find a study of glacial geology or glacier chronology, or any paleoclimate synthesis that makes use of such studies, that does not involve exposure dating. These developments have resulted in major contributions to glacier chronology and paleoclimate, in particular i) reconstructing Antarctic ice sheet change, ii) establishing the chronology of late Pleistocene and Holocene glacier change in mountain regions where it was previously unknown; iii) establishing the broad chronological outlines of mountain glaciations prior to the Last Glacial Maximum; and iv) gaining insight into subglacial erosional processes through the observation that many glaciated surfaces preserve cosmogenic-nuclide inventories from long past ice-free periods as well as the present one. An important potential future contribution will be the application of the large data set of exposure-dated glacier chronologies to better understand global and regional climate dynamics during Lateglacial and Holocene millennial-scale climate changes. However, this contribution cannot be realized without significant progress in two areas: i) understanding and accounting for geologic processes that cause apparent exposure ages on glacial landforms to differ from the true age of the landform, and ii) minimizing systematic uncertainties in exposure ages that stem from cosmogenic-nuclide production-rate estimates and scaling schemes. At present there exists an enormous data set of exposure ages on glacial deposits, but these data cannot be used to their full potential in paleoclimate syntheses due to an inadequate understanding of geologic scatter and production-rate uncertainties. The intent of this paper is to highlight this situation and suggest some strategies for realizing this potential. |
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