Early Human Evolution in the Western Palaearctic: Ecological Scenarios |
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| Authors: | José S Carrión James Rose Chris Stringer |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;2. Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK;3. Palaeontology Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Unità di Ricerca di Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena (UniSI), Strada Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy;2. Centro Studi sul Quaternario Onlus, Via Nuova dell’Ammazzatoio, 7, 52037 Sansepolcro, AR, Italy;3. Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università di Bologna (UniBO), Via degli Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;5. UMR 7041 ArScAn équipe AnTET.MAE, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense (UPN) – 21, Allée de l’Université, F-92023 Paris, France;6. Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Anagni, Italy;7. Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens historia, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden;1. Department of Biology, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA;2. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA;3. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012 USA;4. Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;5. Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;6. Hominid Paleobiology Doctoral Program, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA;7. Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;8. Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, UK;1. Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;2. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;3. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;4. Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;5. Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;6. Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA;7. Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;8. Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;9. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA;10. Humboldt Foundation Fellow at Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig D-04103, Germany;1. Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;2. Centre for Evolutionary and Ecological Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK;1. Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;2. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, WC1H 0PY, London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Archaeology, Whiteknights Box 227, Reading, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom;2. Department of Archaeology, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | This review presents the themes of a special issue dealing with environmental scenarios of human evolution during the Early Pleistocene (2.6–0.78 Ma; MIS 103-MIS 19) and early Middle Pleistocene (0.78–0.47 Ma; MIS 19-base of MIS 12) within the western Palaearctic. This period is one of dramatic changes in the climates and the distribution of Palaearctic biota. These changes have played their role in generating adaptive and phyletic patterns within the human ancestry, involving several species such as Homo habilis, “Homo georgicus”, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis. In the archaeological record, these species include the Oldowan (Mode 1) and Acheulian (Mode 2) lithic technologies. Taphonomic considerations of palaeoecological research in hominin-bearing sites are provided and evaluated. Syntheses are provided for north Africa, western Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, Britain, and continental Europe. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions based on multidisciplinary data are given for Ain Boucherit, Ain Hanech and El-Kherba in Algeria, Dmanisi in Georgia, Atapuerca, Cueva Negra, and the Orce Basin in Spain, Monte Poggiolo and Pirro Nord in Italy, Pont-de-Lavaud in France, and Mauer in Germany. The state of the art with the Out of Africa 1 dispersal model is reviewed. A source-sink dynamics model for Palaeolithic Europe is described to explain the morphological disparity of H. heidelbergensis (we will sometimes use the informal name “Heidelbergs”) and early Neanderthals. Other aspects debated here are the selective value of habitat mosaics including reconstructions based on mammal and avian databases, and the role of geological instability combined with topographic complexity. This review is completed by addressing the question of whether the appearance of evolutionary trends within hominins is concentrated in regions of highest worldwide biological diversity (biodiversity hotspots). It is concluded that the keys for the activation of evolutionary change in hominins may have been geological instabilities, and a shifting physiographical heterogeneity combined with high biodiversity and ecological interaction. |
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