Rapid topographic change measured by high-resolution satellite radar at Soufriere Hills Volcano,Montserrat, 2008–2010 |
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| Authors: | G Wadge P Cole A Stinton J-C Komorowski R Stewart AC Toombs Y Legendre |
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| Institution: | 1. Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 101, Iceland;2. Delft University of Technology, Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft 2628 CN, Netherlands;3. Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík 101, Iceland;4. COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;5. GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand;1. Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia;2. Geological Survey of Japan, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan;3. Volcano Investigation and Technological Development Center (BPPTK), Indonesia;4. Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore;5. Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Germany;1. Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA;2. Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA;3. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA;4. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK;5. Department of Earth Science and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA;6. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA;7. U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, WA, USA;8. U.S. Geological Survey, California Volcano Observatory, Moffett Field, CA, USA;9. Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Department of Mining and Petroleum, Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea;10. R&D Seismology and Acoustics, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, Netherlands;11. NDC-CTBT of the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission, Chile;12. Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;1. Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan;2. Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency, Indonesia, Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia.;3. Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi Prefectural Government, 5597-1 Kenmarubi, Kamiyoshida, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi 403-0005, Japan;4. Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishi-waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan;5. Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd., Shinyuri 21 Build., 1-2-2 Manpukuji, Asao-ku, Kawasaki 215-0004, Japan;6. Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 1722-19 Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan;7. Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Institute for Geothermal Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 3028 Sakanashi, Ichinomiya, Aso 869-2611, Japan;1. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6004, USA;2. Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;3. Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia |
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| Abstract: | High-resolution satellite radar observations of erupting volcanoes can yield valuable information on rapidly changing deposits and geomorphology. Using the TerraSAR-X (TSX) radar with a spatial resolution of about 2 m and a repeat interval of 11 days, we show how a variety of techniques were used to record some of the eruptive history of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat between July 2008 and February 2010. After a 15-month pause in lava dome growth, a vulcanian explosion occurred on 28 July 2008 from a vent that was hidden by dense cloud. We were able to show the civil authorities using TSX difference images of surface roughness change that this explosion had not disrupted the dome sufficiently to warrant continuation of a previous, precautionary evacuation. Change difference images also proved to be valuable in mapping new pyroclastic flow deposits: the valley-occupying block-and-ash component tended to increase backscatter and the marginal surge deposits to reduce it, with the pattern reversing after the event due to erosion and deposition. By comparing east- and west-looking images acquired 12 h apart, the deposition of some individual pyroclastic flows can be inferred from change differences. Some of the narrow upper sections of valleys draining the volcano received many tens of metres of rockfall and pyroclastic flow deposits over periods of a few weeks. By measuring the changing radar shadows cast by these valleys in TSX images the changing depth of infill by deposits could be estimated. In addition to using the amplitude data from the radar images we also used their phase information within the InSAR technique to calculate the topography during a period of no surface activity. This enabled areas of transient topography, crucial for directing future flows, to be captured. |
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