Field measurement of small ozone fluxes to snow,wet bare soil,and lake water

Eddy-correlation measurements over snow, wet bare soil, and lake water indicate very small vertical ozone fluxes. Adjustments to the small vertical fluxes are needed to take into account the effect of mean Stefan flow associated with evaporation at the surface and the effects of correlation between density variations and vertical wind fluctuations. For snow, the residual resistance calculated for the surface is about 34 s cm^-1, indicating that the maximum deposition velocity is abut 0.03 cm s^-1. For cold bare soil well saturated with water, the surface resistance is about 10 s cm^-1 (maximum deposition velocity of about 0.1 cm s^-1). The highest resistances obtained are for transfer to the surface of Lake Michigan, yielding values near 90 s cm^-1 for resistance (0.01 cm s^-1 for deposition velocity).Work supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.