An evaluation of the exposure in nadir observation of the JEM-EUSO mission |
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| Institution: | 1. St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria;2. Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Univ Paris Sud-11, CNES/IN2P3, Orsay, France;3. APC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France;4. IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France;5. ECAP, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany;6. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany;7. Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany;8. Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Kepler Center, University of Tübingen, Germany;9. Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Würzburg, Germany;10. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Sezione di Bari, Italy;11. Universita’ degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro and INFN – Sezione di Bari, Italy;12. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia – Universita’ di Catania, Italy;13. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Firenze, Italy;14. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy;15. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Sezione di Napoli, Italy;p. Universita’ di Napoli Federico II – Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Italy;q. INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Italy;r. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy;s. Universita’ di Roma Tor Vergata – Dipartimento di Fisica, Roma, Italy;t. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Sezione di Torino, Italy;u. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita’ di Torino, Italy;v. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Italy;w. Chiba University, Chiba, Japan;x. National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan;y. Fukui University of Technology, Fukui, Japan;z. Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan;11. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;12. Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan;13. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan;14. Kobe University, Kobe, Japan;15. Konan University, Kobe, Japan;16. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;17. Yukawa Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;18. National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Japan;19. Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;110. Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;111. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan;112. Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan;113. Saitama University, Saitama, Japan;114. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;115. Interactive Research Center of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan;1p. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;1q. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan;1r. RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Japan;1s. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea;1t. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea;1u. Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1v. Center for Galaxy Evolution Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1w. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico;1x. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia, Mexico;1y. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico;1z. Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, Kielce, Poland;21. Jagiellonian University, Astronomical Observatory, Krakow, Poland;22. National Centre for Nuclear Research, Lodz, Poland;23. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland;24. Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Warsaw, Poland;25. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia;26. Central Research Institute of Machine Building, TsNIIMash, Korolev, Russia;27. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia;28. Institute of Experimental Physics, Kosice, Slovakia;29. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain;210. Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain;211. Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain;212. Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Madrid, Spain;213. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain;214. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain;215. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain;2p. Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland;2q. ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, Versoix, Switzerland;2r. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland;2s. Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA;2t. University of Chicago, USA;2u. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA;2v. University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, USA;2w. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA;2x. NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center, USA;2y. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA;1. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;4. LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France;5. Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France;6. CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France;7. LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France;8. LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France;9. I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany;10. Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany;11. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany;12. Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;13. School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;14. Sezione INFN di Bari, Bari, Italy;15. Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy;16. Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;17. Universita e INFN, Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;18. Sezione INFN di Firenze, Firenze, Italy;19. Laboratori Nazionali dell''INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy;20. Sezione INFN di Genova, Genova, Italy;21. Universita & INFN, Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy;22. Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy;23. Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy;24. Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy;25. Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy;26. Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy;27. Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland;28. AGH – University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland;29. National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland;30. Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania;31. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia;32. Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia;33. Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia;34. Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAN), Moscow, Russia;35. Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia;36. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia;37. Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia;38. ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;39. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain;40. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland;41. Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;42. Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;43. Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;44. Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;45. NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine;46. Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine;47. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;48. H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;49. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;50. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;51. STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom;52. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;53. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;54. Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom;55. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;56. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;57. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;58. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States;59. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States;60. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States;61. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States;1. Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia;2. Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, NY, United States of America;3. Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada;41. Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;42. Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey;43. Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey;5. LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France;6. High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, United States of America;7. Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America;8. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America;9. Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece;10. Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece;11. Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America;121. Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey;122. Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey;123. Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey;124. Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;13. Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan;14. Institut de Física d''Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain;151. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;152. Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;153. Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China;154. University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China;16. Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia;17. Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;18. Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America;19. Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany;20. Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;21. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;22. Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia;231. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy;232. INFN Sezione di Bologna, Italy;24. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany;25. Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America;26. Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America;271. Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania;272. Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania;273. Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania;274. National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;275. University Politehnica Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania;276. West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania;281. Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic;282. Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic;29. Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America;30. Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina;31. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;321. Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;322. Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa;323. School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;33. Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada;341. Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies – Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco;342. Centre National de l''Energie des Sciences Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco;343. Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA, Marrakech, Morocco;344. Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda, Morocco;345. Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco;35. CERN, Geneva, Switzerland;36. Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America;37. LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France;38. Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, United States of America;39. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;401. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy;402. INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy;41. Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America;42. Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America;431. Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden;432. Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden;44. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany;45. Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany;46. Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;47. Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America;48. SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;49. INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy;50. Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;51. II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;52. Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland;531. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy;532. INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy;54. II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany;55. SUPA – School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;56. LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France;57. Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America;581. Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China;582. Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China;583. School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai, China;584. Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China;591. Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;592. Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;60. Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan;611. Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;612. Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;613. Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;62. Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;63. Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America;641. INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy;642. ICTP, Trieste, Italy;643. Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy;651. INFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy;652. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy;661. INFN Sezione di Milano, Italy;662. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy;671. INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy;672. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy;681. INFN Sezione di Pavia, Italy;682. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy;691. INFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy;692. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy;701. INFN Sezione di Roma, Italy;702. Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy;711. INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy;712. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy;721. INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Italy;722. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy;731. INFN-TIFPA, Italy;732. Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy;74. Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria;75. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America;76. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America;77. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia;781. Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil;782. Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;783. Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil;784. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;79. KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan;80. Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan;811. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland;812. Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland;82. Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland;83. Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;84. Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan;85. Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;86. Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina;87. Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom;88. Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom;89. Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jo?ef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;90. School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom;91. Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom;92. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom;93. Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States of America;94. Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden;95. Centre de Calcul de l''Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France;96. Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;97. Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany;98. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;99. CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France;100. Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America;101. Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;102. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;103. Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America;104. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America;105. B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus;106. Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus;107. Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada;108. P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;109. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia;110. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia;111. D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia;112. Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany;113. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany;114. Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan;115. Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi–Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;116. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America;117. Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands;118. Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;119. Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States of America;1201. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia;1202. Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Russia;121. Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America;122. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America;123. Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan;124. Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America;125. Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America;126. Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic;127. Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America;128. LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France;129. Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;130. Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;131. Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom;132. LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France;133. Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America;134. Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia;135. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America;1361. Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP, Portugal;1362. Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;1363. Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal;1364. Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;1365. Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal;1366. Departamento de Física Teorica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain;1367. Dep Física and CEFITEC of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal;137. Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic;138. Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic;139. Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic;140. State Research Center Institute for High Energy Physics, NRC KI, Protvino, Russia;141. Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom;142. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France;143. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America;1441. Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;1442. Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile;145. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America;146. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom;147. Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan;148. Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany;149. Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada;150. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, United States of America;151. Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;152. Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America;153. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom;154. School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;155. Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;156. Academia Sinica Grid Computing, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan;1571. E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia;1572. High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia;158. Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel;159. Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;160. Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;161. International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;162. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan;163. Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan;164. Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia;165. Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;1661. TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1662. Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada;167. Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan;168. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America;169. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America;170. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden;171. Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America;172. Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia – CSIC, Valencia, Spain;173. Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;174. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada;175. Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;176. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;177. Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan;178. Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel;179. Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America;180. Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany;181. Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America;182. Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia;1. Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, People''s Republic of China;2. Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People''s Republic of China;3. Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, People''s Republic of China;4. Bochum Ruhr-University, D-44780 Bochum, Germany;5. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;6. Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People''s Republic of China;7. China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, People''s Republic of China;8. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan;9. G.I. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS (BINP), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;10. GSI Helmholtzcentre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany;11. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People''s Republic of China;12. GuangXi University, Nanning 530004, People''s Republic of China;13. Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, People''s Republic of China;14. Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, D-55099 Mainz, Germany;15. Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People''s Republic of China;p. Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People''s Republic of China;q. Huangshan College, Huangshan 245000, People''s Republic of China;r. Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People''s Republic of China;s. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;t. INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044, Frascati, Italy;u. INFN and University of Perugia, I-06100, Perugia, Italy;v. INFN Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122, Ferrara, Italy;w. University of Ferrara, I-44122, Ferrara, Italy;x. Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 45, D-55099 Mainz, Germany;y. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow region, Russia;z. Justus Liebig University Giessen, II. Physikalisches Institut, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;11. KVI-CART, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands;12. Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People''s Republic of China;13. Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People''s Republic of China;14. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People''s Republic of China;15. Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People''s Republic of China;16. Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People''s Republic of China;17. Peking University, Beijing 100871, People''s Republic of China;18. Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea;19. Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People''s Republic of China;110. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People''s Republic of China;111. Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People''s Republic of China;112. Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People''s Republic of China;113. Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People''s Republic of China;114. Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People''s Republic of China;115. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People''s Republic of China;1p. Istanbul Aydin University, 34295 Sefakoy, Istanbul, Turkey;1q. Istanbul Bilgi University, 34060 Eyup, Istanbul, Turkey;1r. Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey;1s. Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, 10, Mersin, Turkey;1t. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People''s Republic of China;1u. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;1v. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;1w. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;1x. University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, People''s Republic of China;1y. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People''s Republic of China;1z. University of South China, Hengyang 421001, People''s Republic of China;21. University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan;22. University of Turin, I-10125, Turin, Italy;23. University of Eastern Piedmont, I-15121, Alessandria, Italy;24. INFN, I-10125, Turin, Italy;25. Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden;26. Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People''s Republic of China;27. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People''s Republic of China;28. Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People''s Republic of China;1. A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia;2. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico;3. Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine;4. Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India;5. Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia;6. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States;7. Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China;8. Centre de Calcul de l''IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France;9. Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba;10. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico;11. Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, Italy;12. Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United States;13. China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China;14. Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea;15. Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia;16. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan;17. Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States;18. Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India;19. Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;20. Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea;21. Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;22. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States;23. Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;24. Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;25. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università ‘La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy;26. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy;27. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy;28. Dipartimento di Fisica dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy;29. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy;30. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy;31. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell''Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy;32. Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell''Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy;33. Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy;34. Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell''Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy;35. Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy;36. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland;37. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia;38. Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway;39. Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic;40. Faculty of Science, P.J. ?afárik University, Ko?ice, Slovakia;41. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany;42. Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea;43. Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India;44. Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany;45. Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland;46. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;47. Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Worms, Germany;48. Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania;49. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India;50. Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India;51. Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia;52. INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy;53. INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy;54. INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy;55. INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;56. INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy;57. INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy;58. INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy;59. INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy;60. INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy;61. Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea;62. Institut de Physique Nucléaire d''Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France;63. Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;64. Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands;65. Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia;66. Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ko?ice, Slovakia;67. Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India;68. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic;69. Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania;70. Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany;71. Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico;72. Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil;73. Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico;74. iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa;75. Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany;76. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia;77. Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;78. KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey;79. Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France;80. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States;81. Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden;82. Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan;83. Nara Women''s University (NWU), Nara, Japan;84. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece;85. National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland;86. National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni, India;87. National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan;88. National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia;89. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;90. Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands;91. NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia;92. NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia;93. Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom;94. Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ?e? u Prahy, Czech Republic;95. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States;96. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia;97. Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia;98. Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India;99. Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India;100. Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India;101. Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;102. Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;103. Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany;104. Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany;105. Rudjer Bo?kovi? Institute, Zagreb, Croatia;106. Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia;107. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India;108. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;109. Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru;110. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, China;111. Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria;112. SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France;113. Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand;114. Technical University of Ko?ice, Ko?ice, Slovakia;115. Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ‘Universe’, Munich, Germany;116. The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland;117. The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States;118. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico;119. Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil;120. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;121. Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil;122. University College of Southeast Norway, Tonsberg, Norway;123. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;124. University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States;125. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland;126. University of Liverpool, Department of Physics Oliver Lodge Laboratory, Liverpool, United Kingdom;127. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States;128. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;129. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;130. University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan;131. Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France;132. Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France;133. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France;134. Université Paris-Saclay Centre d''Études de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Department de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France;135. Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy;136. Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy;137. V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia;138. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India;139. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland;140. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States;141. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany;142. Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary;143. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States;144. Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | We evaluate the exposure during nadir observations with JEM-EUSO, the Extreme Universe Space Observatory, on-board the Japanese Experiment Module of the International Space Station. Designed as a mission to explore the extreme energy Universe from space, JEM-EUSO will monitor the Earth’s nighttime atmosphere to record the ultraviolet light from tracks generated by extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In the present work, we discuss the particularities of space-based observation and we compute the annual exposure in nadir observation. The results are based on studies of the expected trigger aperture and observational duty cycle, as well as, on the investigations of the effects of clouds and different types of background light. We show that the annual exposure is about one order of magnitude higher than those of the presently operating ground-based observatories. |
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