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The use of single-date MODIS imagery for estimating large-scale urban impervious surface fraction with spectral mixture analysis and machine learning techniques
Institution:1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19991-43344, Iran;2. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran;1. Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney 2052, Australia;2. New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney 1232, Australia;3. Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;4. School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia;5. ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
Abstract:Urban impervious surface information is essential for urban and environmental applications at the regional/national scales. As a popular image processing technique, spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has rarely been applied to coarse-resolution imagery due to the difficulty of deriving endmember spectra using traditional endmember selection methods, particularly within heterogeneous urban environments. To address this problem, we derived endmember signatures through a least squares solution (LSS) technique with known abundances of sample pixels, and integrated these endmember signatures into SMA for mapping large-scale impervious surface fraction. In addition, with the same sample set, we carried out objective comparative analyses among SMA (i.e. fully constrained and unconstrained SMA) and machine learning (i.e. Cubist regression tree and Random Forests) techniques. Analysis of results suggests three major conclusions. First, with the extrapolated endmember spectra from stratified random training samples, the SMA approaches performed relatively well, as indicated by small MAE values. Second, Random Forests yields more reliable results than Cubist regression tree, and its accuracy is improved with increased sample sizes. Finally, comparative analyses suggest a tentative guide for selecting an optimal approach for large-scale fractional imperviousness estimation: unconstrained SMA might be a favorable option with a small number of samples, while Random Forests might be preferred if a large number of samples are available.
Keywords:Impervious surface  MODIS  Random Forests  Regression tree  Spectral mixture analysis
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