Reappraisal of the 1982 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: new data from proximal deposits |
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Authors: | J L Macías M F Sheridan J M Espíndola |
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Institution: | (1) Departamento de Sismología y Vulcanología, Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Coyoacán 04510, México D.F., Mexico Fax: +525 550 2486; e-mail: macias@tonatiuh.igeofcu.unam.mx, MX;(2) Department of Geology, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA, US |
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Abstract: | Additional data from proximal areas enable a reconstruction of the stratigraphy and the eruptive chronology of phases III
and IV of the 1982 eruption of El Chichón Volcano. Phase III began on 4 April at 0135 GMT with a powerful hydromagmatic explosion
that generated radially fast-moving (∼100 ms–1) pyroclastic clouds that produced a surge deposit (S1). Due to the sudden reduction in the confining pressure the process
continued by tapping of magma from a deeper source, causing a new explosion. The ejected juvenile material mixed with large
amounts of fragmented dome and wall rock, which were dispersed laterally in several pulses as lithic-rich block-and-ash flow
(F1). Partial evacuation of juvenile material from the magmatic system prompted the entrance of external water to generate
a series of hydromagmatic explosions that dispersed moisture-rich surge clouds and small-volume block-and-ash flows (IU) up
to distances of 3 km from the crater. The eruption continued by further decompression of the magmatic system, with the ensuing
emission of smaller amounts of gas-rich magma which, with the strong erosion of the volcanic conduit, formed a lithic-rich
Plinian column that deposited fallout layer B. Associated with the widening of the vent, an increase in the effective density
of the uprising column took place, causing its collapse. Block-and-ash flows arising from the column collapse traveled along
valleys as a dense laminar flow (F2). In some places, flow regime changes due to topographic obstacles promoted transformation
into a turbulent surge (S2) which attained minimum velocities of approximately 77 ms–1 near the volcano. The process continued with the formation of a new column on 4 April at 1135 GMT (phase IV) that emplaced
fall deposit C and was followed by hydromagmatic explosions which produced pyroclastic surges (S3).
Received: 13 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 November 1996 |
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Keywords: | Mexican Active Volcanoes Chichon Volcano Phreatomagmatic eruptions Wet and dry surge deposits |
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