The use of water-extractable Cu,Mo, Zn,As, Pb concentrations and automated mineral analysis of flue dust particles as tools for impact studies in topsoils exposed to past emissions of a Cu-smelter |
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| Institution: | 1. Instituto de Geología Económica Aplicada, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile;2. Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile;1. Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany;2. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China;2. Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China;3. Research and Training Center on Rural Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China;1. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;2. CONSOL Energy Inc. Research and Development, South Park, PA, USA;3. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;1. Centro Polar e Climático (CPC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil;2. Climate Change Institute (CCI), University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5764, USA;1. Laboratoire de Spectrochimie IR et Raman, UMR-CNRS 8516, Bât. C5 Université de Lille I, 59655 Villeneuve d''Ascq Cedex, France;2. Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, UMR-CNRS 6502, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France;3. Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Géosciences et Environnement Cergy, EA 4506, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France |
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| Abstract: | An exploratory study has been conducted to test the utility of automated mineral analysis observations to identify flue dust particles in topsoils exposed for several decades to emissions of a copper smelter. The methods used are readily available in mining countries. To identify the most impacted sites, the Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo and As levels in water and diluted sulphuric acid extractions of four topsoil size fractions (833–495 μm, 246–148 μm; 74–38 μm; <38 μm) were analysed. X-ray diffraction analyses were used to demonstrate the mineralogical degradation of smectite phases when approaching the smelter. Flue dust particles in different states of conservation in topsoils were directly observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) aided by energy dispersive detection of X-rays. Qemscan® scanning of dispersed topsoil preparations (10,000 particles) pinpoints smelter particles by their density; flue dust pearls can be tracked by sorting particles according to their sphericity, clearly identifying them as pyrometallurgical products. When sorting soil particles by mineral groups (e.g. sulphides), an increase in this phase group can be observed when approaching the smelter. SEM resolution limits observations to particles larger than 2–3 μm. Smaller particles can be observed by transmission electron microscopy, although observer experience and the availability of equipment time are essential as is the case for SEM. |
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| Keywords: | Copper smelter Flue dust Topsoil Automated mineral analysis Element extraction Chile |
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