Hierarchy of non-extensive mechanical processes in fracturing sea ice |
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Authors: | Alexandre Chmel Victor Smirnov Igor Shcherbakov |
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Institution: | 1.Fracture Physics Department, Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences,St. Petersburg,Russia;2.Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,St. Petersburg,Russia |
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Abstract: | The fracture-induced oscillations in sea ice were detected by seismographs and seismic tiltmeters established on the Arctic
ice pack. Field observations were supplemented with a laboratory experiment. The energy distributions in elastic waves generated
during: (i) large-scale ice pack fragmentation over area of about 105 km2, (ii) local crack propagation in ice floe, and (iii) laboratory ice crashing were constructed and analyzed using principles
of the Tsallis statistics. The energy release regimes at different stages of fracturing were characterized by the parameter
of nonextensivity q. In terms of the non-extensive statistical mechanics, q > 1 evidences the correlated (non-extensive) dynamics of the process in nonequilibrium system, q = 1 responds to the additivity of events occurring in equilibrium system, and q < 1 takes place when the energy release is additive and limited by an upper cut-off. All these scenarios were revealed in
fracture processes occurring at three hierarchic levels. The variation of the q-value demonstrates high thermodynamic changeability of the fracture process driven by irregular external source. The role
of energy conservation in fracturing sea ice is discussed in connection with the observed reversible transitions between extensive
and non-extensive modes of fracture. |
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