Dynamic Model of Fracture Normal Behaviour and Application to Prediction of Stress Wave Attenuation Across Fractures |
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Authors: | J Zhao J G Cai X B Zhao H B Li |
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Institution: | (1) Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rock Mechanics Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland;(2) Tritech Consultants Pte Ltd, 2 Kaki Bukit Place, Tritech Building, Singapore;(3) Department of Earth Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China;(4) Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China |
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Abstract: | Summary. The purpose of this paper is to establish a dynamic constitutive model of fracture normal behaviour, based on laboratory tests
of artificial fractures cast by cement mortar. A series of tests are systematically carried out under quasi-static (10−1 MPa/s) up to highly dynamic (103 MPa/s) monotonic loading conditions. The normal stress-fracture closure response is measured at different loading rates.
Based on the measured curves, a nonlinear (hyperbolic) dynamic model of fracture normal behaviour, termed as dynamic BB model,
is proposed. The dynamic model is modified from the existing BB model of static normal behaviour of fractures by taking into
account the loading-rate effect. Two important dynamic parameters of fractures, FSC
d
(dynamic fracture stiffness constant, which describes the incremental ratio of dynamic initial stiffness) and FCC
d
(dynamic fracture closure constant, which describes the decremental ratio of dynamic maximum allowable closure), are identified.
They indicate the quantitative degree of loading-rate effect on fracture normal behaviour subjected to dynamic loads. For
practical application, the new model is incorporated into the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and subsequently, UDEC
modelling of normally incident P-wave transmission across single fractures with the dynamic BB model is conducted. Wave transmission
coefficient is obtained for various combinations of fracture dynamic parameters, as well as different wave amplitudes and
frequencies. The numerical results show that wave transmission coefficient for a fracture with the dynamic BB model is greater
than that for a fracture with the static BB model. In addition, a fracture with higher values of FSC
d
and FCC
d
leads to higher transmission (lower attenuation).
Author’s address: J. Zhao, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rock Mechanics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland |
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Keywords: | : Wave propagation rock masses fractures dynamic normal behaviour |
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