Surfatron particle acceleration in the near-Earth shock wave

A theoretical model, within the scope of which the process of surfatron particle acceleration (surfing) at the shock front was studied, is proposed to describe the near-Earth shock wave structure. The most complex shock front geometry, when it is assumed that the magnetic field vectors and the velocity of the plasma flow incident on the front are oriented arbitrarily with respect to the front plane, has been considered in detail. The theoretical ultimate energies of protons, accelerated due to surfing at the shock front, agree with the observational data.