Pyroclastic geology of the rhyolitic volcano of La Primavera,Mexico |
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Authors: | G P L Walker J V Wright B J Clough B Booth |
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Institution: | (1) Auckland;(2) Present address: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, 2525 Correa Road, 96822 Honolulu, Hawaii;(3) Present address: Geology Department, University of Puerto Rico, 00708 Mayaguez, Puerto Rico;(4) Present address: Geology Department, Imperial College, SW7 2BP London, England |
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Abstract: | Explosive eruptions of this large Quaternary rhyolitic volcano have produced voluminous pumice fall deposits and ignimbrites. A stratigraphie study reveals more than 30 fall deposits, totalling more than 90 km3, which have come from many different vents. Some are of plinian type, and one is among the largest known in the world. The main ignimbrite (Rio Caliente) is of intra-plinian type. In all, 140 km3 of rhyolitic material were erupted during the past 105 years, of which 50 km5 are dispersed well outside the volcano. The dense rock equivalent volume is 60 km3, of which fall deposits, ignimbrites and lava bodies comprise 45 %, 25 % and 30 % respectively. The average output rate of 0.06 km3 per century is nearly an order of magnitude less than for the most productive rhyolitic volcanoes known. A circular area 10 km across in the centre of La Primavera contains updomed lacustrine ashes and associated sediments, including a remarkable giant pumice bed, which probably accumulated in a caldera lake. La Primavera has no record of historical eruptions, and hot springs are the only signs of present activity, but the updoming is thought to be due to the uprise of a new acid pluton beneath the volcano and future eruptions are probable.
Zusammenfassung Explosionsartige Eruptionen des gro\en quartÄren Rhyolith-Vulkans La Primavera haben mÄchtige Bimstuffe und Ignimbrite aufgehÄuft. Eine stratigraphische Untersuchung hat über 30 Aschelagen erkennen lassen, die aus verschiedenen Schloten stammen und insgesamt mehr als 90 km3 an Volumen ausmachen. Einige davon gehören zum plimanischen Typ, von denen eine sogar die grö\te bisher bekannte Lage der Erde ist. Der Haupt-Ignimbrit (Rio Caliente) gehört zum intraplimanischen Typ. Insgesamt wurden in den letzten 100 000 Jahren 140 km3 rhyolithisches Material ausgeworfen, von denen 50 km3 deutlich au\erhalb des eigentlichen Vulkans liegen. Das Äquivalentvolumen des dichten Gesteins betrÄgt 60 km3, von dem 45 % auf Tuffe, 25 % auf Ignimbrite und 30 % auf Lavakörper entfallen. Die durchschnittliche Auswurfrate von 0,06 km3 pro Jahrhundert liegt fast eine Grö\enordnung unter den meisten bekannten aktiven Rhyolith-Vulkanen. Ein kreisrundes Gebiet von 10 km Durchmesser im Zentrum des La Primavera zeigt aufgewölbte lakustrine Aschen und damit assoziierte Sedimente, darunter eine bemerkenswerte riesige Bimslage, die wahrscheinlich in einem Caldera-See abgelagert wurde. Der Vulkan La Primavera ist in historischer Zeit nicht ausgebrochen und hei\e Quellen sind die einzigen Anzeichen heutiger AktivitÄt, aber die Aufwölbung wird als Hinweis auf das Hochdringen eines neuen sauren Plutons unter dem Vulkan angesehen, so da\ zukünftige Eruptionen wahrscheinlich sind.
Résumé Des éruptions explosives de ce grand volcan rhyolitique quaternaire ont produit de volumineux dépÔts de ponces et d'ignimbrites. Une étude stratigraphique fait apparaÎtre plus de 30 dépÔts totalisant plus de 90 km3 provenant de nombreuses bouches volcaniques différentes. Certaines sont du type plinien, dont l'une est parmi les plus grandes connues au monde. L'ignimbrite principale (Rio Caliente) est du type intraplinien. En tout 140 km3 de matériaux rhyolitiques ont été rejetés au cours des 105 dernières années, dont 50 km3 ont été dispersés bien au delà du volcan. Le volume de roche compact équivalent est de 60 km3, parmi lequel les tuffs, les ignimbrites et les laves occupent respectivement 45%, 25% et 30%. L'émission moyenne, de 0,06 km3 par siècle, est d'un ordre de grandeur moindre que pour la plupart des volcans rhyolitiques les plus productifs actuellement connus. Une région circulaire de 10 km de diamètre dans le centre de La Primavera contient des domes de cendres lacustres et autres sédiments associés, et parmi eux une couche géante de ponce remarquable, qui s'est probablement accumulée dans un lac-caldère. On ne connaÎt pas d'éruptions historiques de la Primavera, et seules des sources chaudes témoignent d'une activité actuelle; toutefois on pense que l'allure en dome est due à la poussée d'un nouveau pluton acide sous le volcan, et que des éruptions sont probables dans le futur.
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![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![shcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1096.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1065.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) - ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) -![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) - ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) . 3 ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) 100 000 ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1065.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![shcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1096.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) 140 ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) 3 ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) 50 ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) 3 ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) . ![IOcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1025.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1065.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) 60 ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) , ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) 45% ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![Fcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1060.gif) ![Fcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1060.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) , 25% ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) 30% ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) . ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) 0,06 ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ; ![IOcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1025.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tscy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1094.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) , ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) . ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) 10![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![tscy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1094.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) -![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) , ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![shcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1096.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) , ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) -![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) , ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1065.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) , ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) , ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![softcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1075.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![pcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![lcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) , ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1040.gif) ![CHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1063.gif) ![tcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Bcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![Dcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ucy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1059.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1065.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Mcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Vcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1056.gif) ![zhcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/x28872w791224015/xxlarge1048.gif) .
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本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
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