贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫的响应

贝类养殖在中国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位，其产量占中国海水养殖总量的80%以上，也是出口创汇的主要对象。近年来栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等贝类的大规模死亡制约了相关产业的发展，而导致栉孔扇贝(C.farreri)大规模死亡的直接病因是一种球形病毒(贺桂珍等， 2003；王崇明等，2002)，养殖海区生态环境的胁迫作用是其大规模死亡的重要诱因(张福绥等，1999)。在多种胁迫因子的协同作用下，贝类抗病力下降、病原体大量繁殖，从而引起大规模死亡。因此，系统地研究贝类神经内分泌和免疫系统对环境胁迫作用的响应是十分必要的。 胁迫反应指胁迫因子引起的机体在生物体、组织及分子水平上的行为学、细胞学和生化反应，包括神经内分泌反应、免疫反应以及多种行为反应(Bayne et al.，1975)。贝类胁迫反应尤其是神经内分泌反应及免疫反应的研究刚刚起步，国内相关报道很少。本文作者综述了国际有关贝类神经内分泌反应及免疫反应的研究进展，以期为国内在此领域的研究提供参考依据。

Stress-induced Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses in Mollusks: a Review

Adrenocorticotropin and catecholamines are the primary messengers secreted from the neuroendocrine system when mollusks are disturbed by stressors. The former induces the secretion of the latter. Both circulation nor adrenaline and dopamine concentrations increase in response to stressors, such as those from mechanical stressors, variations of temperature an salinity and some parasites. Noradrenaline concentrationsvaryfrom 1ng/mlto20 ng/ml, anddopamine concentrations vary from 0.4 ng/ml to3 ng/ml. Inturn, the change of catecholamines induces a series of responses, such as increased oxygen uptake and reallocation of energy. Stressors induce the changes of some immune parameters including the numbers of hemocytes, the hemocyte migratory activity, phagocytotic activity, the circulation catecholamine concentrations, chemilum inesence and superoxide anion production. Studies on the effect of stress on mollusks immune functions are rare. Stressors can exert inhibiting effects on the mollusks immune functions, and subsequently a stimulating effect takes place. In this paper, stress induced neuroendocrine and immune responses in mollusks are reviewed.