Hurricane Sandy and adaptation pathways in New York: Lessons from a first-responder city |
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| Institution: | 1. NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA;2. CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities and Department of Geography, Hunter College – City of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA;3. Columbia University Center for Climate Systems Research, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA;1. Wetland and Aquatic Biogeochemistry Lab, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast and Environment, Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;2. Coastal Sustainability Studio, 212 Design Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;1. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC;2. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC;3. Acumen, LLC, Burlingame, CA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA;1. Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, United States;2. AECOM, 717 17th Street, Suite 2600, Denver, CO 80202, United States;3. University of Delaware, 301 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 17916, United States;1. Centre for Urban Research, Climate Change and Resilience Group, RMIT University, Melbourne, GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia;2. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;3. Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;4. Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, Australia;1. Urban Affairs and Planning, Virginia Tech, 213 Architecture Annex, Blacksburg, 24061 USA;2. Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;3. Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, 406 Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;1. School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;2. School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;3. Center for Biology & Society, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA |
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| Abstract: | Two central issues of climate change have become increasingly evident: Climate change will significantly affect cities; and rapid global urbanization will increase dramatically the number of individuals, amount of critical infrastructure, and means of economic production that are exposed and vulnerable to dynamic climate risks. Simultaneously, cities in many settings have begun to emerge as early adopters of climate change action strategies including greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation. The objective of this paper is to examine and analyze how officials of one city – the City of New York – have integrated a flexible adaptation pathways approach into the municipality's climate action strategy. This approach has been connected with the City's ongoing response to Hurricane Sandy, which struck in the October 2012 and resulted in damages worth more than US$19 billion. A case study narrative methodology utilizing the Wise et al. conceptual framework (see this volume) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the flexible adaptation pathways approach in New York City. The paper finds that Hurricane Sandy serves as a “tipping point” leading to transformative adaptation due to the explicit inclusion of increasing climate change risks in the rebuilding effort. The potential for transferability of the approach to cities varying in size and development stage is discussed, with elements useful across cities including the overall concept of flexible adaptation pathways, the inclusion of the full metropolitan region in the planning process, and the co-generation of climate-risk information by stakeholders and scientists. |
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| Keywords: | Adaptation pathways Cities Climate change Resilience Transformation |
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