Serpulids living deep: calcareous tubeworms beyond the abyss |
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| Institution: | 1. The Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;2. Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;4. Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, USA;5. Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life, USA;6. Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;7. PennState Astrobiology Research Center, University Park, PA 16802, USA;8. University of Wisconsin Astrobiology Research Consortium, Madison, WI 53706, USA;9. Biology Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;1. Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0390, USA;2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 8109, USA;1. National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia;2. Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia;1. A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia;2. Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russia;3. Far Eastern Aquarium, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia;1. Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC;3. CARMA, State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;2. College of Resource and Environment, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;3. Central Sichuan Mining District, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Suining 629000, China;4. Northwestern Sichuan Gas Field, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Jiangyou 610213, China |
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| Abstract: | Although the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) for calcite, generally located in the depth range 4000–5000 m, is often proposed as a physiological barrier to deep-ocean colonization, many organisms with calcareous exoskeletons are found in the deepest oceanic trenches. Serpulid polychaetes inhabiting unprotected calcareous tubes are unlikely deep-sea inhabitants, yet, they are found at all oceanic depths from intertidal to hadal. Here we review and revise the published and unpublished records of Serpulidae from below 5000 m depth. We also describe tube ultrastructure and mineralogical content of available deep-sea serpulid tubes to obtain insights into their biomineralisation. Species belonging to the genera Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, Hyalopomatus, Pileolaria (spirorbin) and Protis were found at depths from 5020 to 9735 m. However, only specimens of Protis sp. were truly hadal (>6000 m) being found at 6200–9700 m. Hadal specimens of Protis have irregularly oriented prismatic tube microstructure similar to that found in more shallow-water representatives of the genus. Initial EDX analysis suggested a mostly calcitic composition (i.e., the most stable CaCO3 polymorph) on the basis of high Mg levels. Surprisingly, however, tubes of Bathyditrupa hovei and a species of Protis analysed using the more reliable method of laser Raman spectroscopy were found to be composed of aragonite. The compensation depth for this less stable CaCO3 polymorph in the oceans is usually 2000–3000 m. We found no obvious structural adaptations to life at extreme depths in the studied serpulid tubes and how serpulids are able to biomineralise and maintain their tubes below the CCD remains to be explained. |
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| Keywords: | Polychaeta Serpulidae Abyssal Hadal Carbonate compensation depth Tube ultrastructure Mineral composition |
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