清中晚期中国生态严重退化的思考——兼论"摊丁入地"政策与长城生态功能消失的协同作用

清代中期因"摊丁入地"政策的刺激,人口激增,中国PRED关系严重失衡.长期、大范围的坡地和非宜农地被开垦,导致了一次中国封建农业时代范围最广、破坏最严重的生态退化过程.与此同时,长城生态功能的消失进一步扩大并加深了退化过程.从系统角度分析,支撑庞大人口的物质、能量基础不是来自自然社会经济复合系统(NSECS)之外,也不是通过提高系统效率,而是转嫁于生态.转嫁源自农民对耕地的过度依赖关系,其根源则在于传统生产方式和文化惯性.NSECS子系统耦合导致正反馈效应,使生态长期处于退化的困境中.

Thinks and Analysis of Chinese Serious Ecological Degeneration in the Middle and Late Period of Qing Dynasty

Owing to the stimulation of the policy of "pay taxes according to land" in Qing Dynasty,the rapid rising of Chinese population led the unbalance of the PRED relations.A massive and serious degeneration of ecology was created as a result of exploiting the sloping fields for a long time,and at the same time ,such a course of the ecological degeneration was expanded with the disappearance of the Great Wall's ecological function.Based on the systematic analysis,we can find that the basic material and energy of sustaining the huge population are neither obtained from the exterior of the Nature Society Economy Complex System(NSECS),nor obtained by rising the system efficiency,but shifted upon the ecology.The cause of creating it is that the peasants lie excessively on the plough,which stems from the traditional mode of production and cultural inertia.The coupling of NSECS sub-systems leads the positive feedback effect that causes the lasting degeneration of Chinese ecological system.