The chemical composition of sea water and pore water in the manganese nodule area of the Central Pacific |
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Authors: | Dr C Schnier Dr V Marchig Dr H Gundlach |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: GKSS-Forschungszentrum GmbH, 2054 Geesthacht;(2) Present address: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 3000 Hannover 51, Germany |
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Abstract: | Analyses for the following elements were made on 118 samples of pore water and 23 samples of sea water from the radiolarian ooze area of the Central Pacific: Na, Ca, Br, Sr (major elements) and Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Eu, Ta, Hg, U.The average concentration of most of the elements analyzed is higher in the pore water than in the sea water. The enrichment of elements in both the pore water and the bottom near sea water relative to the average composition of the sea water depends on the residence times of the elements in the sea water — the shorter the residence time the greater the enrichment.The enrichment of an element in these sea and pore waters is also dependant on the chemical species in which it occurs in the sea water. The enrichment seems to be greater for hydroxides, less for complex chloride ions and there is no enrichment for simple ions. The enrichment of the elements occuring as hydroxides (Fe, Cu, Cr, Sc, Eu) or complex chlorides (Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Ag, Hg, Se) results in precipitation from the sea water, which contributes to the growth of the manganese nodules as well as to the genesis of metalliferous sediments in this area. The greater enrichment in the pore water relative to the sea water accounts for the remobilization of these elements from the sediment as the main source of the material for the growth of the manganese nodules.
Zusammenfassung 118 Porenwasser- und 23 Meerwasser-Proben aus dem Radiolarienschlammgebiet des Mittleren Pazifik wurden auf folgende Elemente analysiert: Na, Ca, Br, Sr (Hauptbestandteile) und Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Eu, Ta, Hg, U.Die durchschnittliche Konzentration der meisten bestimmten Elemente ist im Porenwasser höher als im Meerwasser. Die Elementaranreicherung sowohl im Porenwie im bodennahen Meereswasser ist im Vergleich zur weltweiten Durchschnittszusammensetzung des Meerwassers abhÄngig von den Verweilzeiten der Elemente im Meer — je kürzer die Verweilzeit, desto grö\er die Anreicherung.Die Anreicherung eines Elements in diesen Meeres- und PorenwÄssern hÄngt auch von der chemischen Spezies ab, in der es im Meerwasser vorkommt. Die Anreicherung scheint grö\er zu sein für Hydroxide, geringer für komplexe Chlorid-Ionen, und es gibt keine Anreicherung für einfache Ionen. Die Anreicherung der Elemente, die als Hydroxide (Fe, Cu, Cr, Se, Eu) oder komplexe Chloride (Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Ag, Hg, Se) vorkommen, führt zur AusfÄllung aus dem Meereswasser. Diese AusfÄllung trÄgt bei zum Wachstum der Manganknollen und zur Entstehung von metalliferous sediments in diesem Gebiet. Die grö\ere Anreicherung im Porenwasser im Vergleich zum Meereswasser spricht für die Mobilisierung dieser Elemente aus dem Sediment als der wichtigsten Materialquelle für das Wachstum der Manganknollen.
Résumé Dans la région des boues á radiolaires de l'Océan Pacifique central 118 échantillons d'eau interstitielle et 23 échantillons d'eau de mer ont été prélevés et analysés. Les éléments suivants ont été déterminés: Na, Ca, Br, Sr (éléments principaux) et Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Sb, Cs, Eu, Ta, Hg, U.La concentration moyenne de la majorité des éléments analysés est plus grande dans l'eau interstitielle que dans l'eau de mer. L'enrichissement des éléments dans l'eau interstitielle ainsi que dans l'eau de mer près du fond, comparé aux valeurs moyennes dans l'eau de mer, dépend du temps de séjour de l'élément dans l'eau de mer — le plus court est le temps du séjour, plus fort est l'enrichissement.L'enrichissement d'un élément dans ces échantillons d'eau interstitielle et d'eau de mer dépend également de la forme chimique sous laquelle il se trouve dans l'eau de mer. Il semble que l'enrichissement est plus fort pour les hydroxides, et moindre pour les ions chlorurés complexes. Il n'ya pas d'enrichissement en ions simples. L'enrichissement des éléments sous forme d'hydroxides (Fe, Cu, Cr, Sc, Eu) ou de chlorures complexes (Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Ag, Hg, Se) entraine la précipitation de ces éléments hors de l'eau de mer, ce qui contribut à la croissance des nodules de manganèse ainsi qu'à la genèse des sédiments métallifères dans cette région. L'enrichissement plus fort dans l'eau interstitielle par rapport à l'eau de mer rend compte de la remobilisation de ces éléments à partir du sédiment comme source principale de matière pour la croissance des nodules de manganèse.
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![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ,![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) —![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) , ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1065.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) . ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1065.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) - ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![ldquor](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge8222.gif) ![khcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1093.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) , ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![khcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1093.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) : ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ucy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1059.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) , ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![khcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1093.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ucy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1059.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ucy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1059.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) . ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) — Fe, Cu, Cr, Sc, u -, ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![khcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1093.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) — Mn, Ni, ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) , Zn, Ag, Hg, Se - ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) . ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![Ucy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1059.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tscy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1094.gif) , ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ldquor](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge8222.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1065.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) . 3![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) , ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![pcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1087.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Bcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1041.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tscy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1094.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![IOcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1025.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) , ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1100.gif) ![Ucy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1059.gif) ![SHCHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1065.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![CHcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1063.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Icy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1048.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Dcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) ![scy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Mcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1052.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Rcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1056.gif) ![gcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1075.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![Ncy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1053.gif) ![tscy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1094.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![ycy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zhcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1078.gif) ![IEcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1045.gif) ![lcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1083.gif) ![Vcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1042.gif) ![Acy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1040.gif) ![kcy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Ocy](/content/p3l872780v1n6763/xxlarge1054.gif) .
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