Nature and origin of Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling Orogen: the Wenquan composite pluton example

The Western Qinling has been acknowledged to witness superimposed orogeny including north subduction of Paleotethys ocean and collision between North China and South China blocks; however, the precise timing constraints on transition of tectonic regime are remaining enigmatic. The Wenquan composite batholith comprising five phases and mafic enclaves is an ideal example to unlock this puzzle. The host granitoids are felsic, metaluminous to peraluminous, and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic suite with I-type affinity. The mafic enclaves, however, are intermediate, and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic. Zircon ages of multiple phases indicate an episodic growth lasting nearly 30 million years ranging from 238, 228, 218 to 208 Ma, consistent to Triassic igneous activity recording a transition regime from a subduction setting to a syn-collision setting and a post-collision setting in Western Qinling. Lead isotopes of whole-rock and K-feldspar at Wenquan and Lu-Hf isotopes of zircons separated from biotite monzogranite porphyry, porphyritic monzogranite, monzogranite porphyry, and hosted mafic enclaves suggest that the heat and the hot mafic melt initiated by the break-off of the northward subducting South China block lithosphere triggered partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle to produce mafic magmas, and the underplated mafic magmas caused partial melting of the shallow subducted Mesoproterozoic lower crust generating granitic magmas at Wenquan. Combined our field observations and petrology study with a holistic review on previous geochronological and geochemical data of Triassic granitoids throughout the Western Qinling, we in this contribution proposed that the Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling corresponding to superimposed orogeny evolved from the northward subduction of Palaeotethys ocean (250–235 Ma) through syn-collision (228–215 Ma) to post-collision (215–185 Ma) between the North China and South China blocks.