物候对全球变暖响应的研究综述

近100年来，尤其是在最近20多年，全球平均表面温度出现了显著上升，全球变暖已成为全球关注的重要问题。物候现象与气候等环境因素息息相关，物候对全球变暖的响应研究正在成为物候研究的一个新的热点领域，NDVI正日益成为植被对气候响应研究的重要手段。概述了当前物候对全球变暖响应研究的主要进展。基于实地动植物等物候观测和遥感监测的大量研究表明，近期动植物等物候正发生着显著变化：北半球中高纬度地区植被生长季延长、植物提早开花、昆虫提早出现、鸟类提早产蛋以及冰川退缩、永冻土带融化、江河湖泊结冰推迟而融化提早等，与气候变暖有密切关系，是对全球变暖的明显响应。目前国内的许多研究者在物候对气候变暖响应方面做了一些工作，但与国际研究进展相比，还有许多研究工作有待于进一步开展。

PROGRESS IN THE STUDIES ON THE PHENOLOGICAL RESPONDING TO GLOBAL WARMING

The global average surface temperature has increased over the 20th Century evidently, especially in the last 20 years of the century. Global warming has been a very important problem of the world. Climate warming is expected to alter seasonal biological phenomena such as plant growth and flowering or animal migration, which depend on accumulated temperature. These phenological changes are likely to have a wide range of consequences for ecological processes, agriculture, forestry, human health, and the global economy. The study on the phenological responding to global warming is becoming a new hot research point. Remote sensing data validate these ground observations on larger scales. Lots of studies demonstrate that NOAA AVHRR data are well suited for studying the regional impact of the climatic change. This paper summarized the progresses in the studies of the phenology in responding to global warming. Based on observation on the spot and remote sensing monitoring on plant and animal, it is found that the phenology is changing remarkably. Many plants and animals respond to a longer growing season by changing the timing of activities associated with the arrival of spring and onset of autumn such as flowering, leaf fall, breeding, and migration. Observations on the spot show the leaves of many deciduous plant species now unfold earlier and fall later in the mid- to high-latitude area of the northern hemisphere. A large increase in growing season NDVI magnitude and a longer active growing season has also been observed by satellite. Flowering date of many flowers are tending to earlier. Some insects now also appear earlier. The timing of bird migration and breeding is sensitive to changes in temperature, and global warming would be expected to lead to an earlier onset of those activities in the spring. These changes in plant and animal phenology may lead to a decoupling of species interactions. It is also found the trend toward earlier ice break-up and snow melting in spring that is consistent with the enhanced warming observed at higher latitudes. All the phenological changes which link to increasing surface temperatures very well, which is an obviously responding to the globe warming. Compared with the international research advance, there are still lots of work to do on the research of phonological response to global warming in China.