Water quality parameters response to temperature change in small shallow lakes

Effects of temperature (T) on water quality of three small shallow lakes in Taihu Lake region of China were investigated. The annual temperature was classified into three levels: low temperature (LT, 4 °C < T ? 10 °C), middle temperature (MT, 10 °C < T ? 20 °C), and high temperature (HT, 20 °C < T ? 30 °C). Results showed that total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations might go to a fixed value (or range) in small shallow lakes receiving domestic sewage and farm drainage water. Nitrogen concentrations in the lakes were mainly in the form of nitrate (${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$) at above concerned three temperature levels, and nitrogen concentrations in the forms of TN, TIN, and ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$ were increased with the increase of nutrient input. At the LT and MT levels, there was a series of good cubic curve relationships between temperatures and three N forms (TN, ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$ and ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$). The temperatural inflexion change points in the curves were nearly at 7 °C and 14 °C, respectively. However, no significant relationship between temperature and any water quality parameter was observed at the HT level. The significant relationship of TIN to TN, ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$ to TN and ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ to dissolve oxygen (DO) was exist in three temperature portions, and TP to Chemical oxygen demand (COD, determined by potassium permanganate oxidation methods) in LT and MT, TP to pH or DO in HT also exist. COD were less than 6 mg L^?1 at each temperature level, and pH values were the largest in HT than it in LT or MT. Thus, changes between temperature and water quality parameters (TN, ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$, ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ and TP) obviously nearly in 7 °C or 14 °C in lakes show that water self-purification of natural small shallow lakes were obviously with temperature changed.