基于水声学探测的镜泊湖鱼类时空分布特征及资源量评估

2020年5、7和10月，采用多网目复合刺网调查和水声学探测相结合的方式对镜泊湖鱼类群落时空动态和资源量进行调查.渔获物调查共采集鱼类4目6科29种，其中鲤科鱼类最多，主要经济鱼类为鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）、蒙古鲌（Chanodichthys mongolicus）、瓦氏雅罗鱼（Leuciscus waleckii）、鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus）.蒙古鲌和（Hemiculter leucisculus）为优势种.水声学探测结果表明，镜泊湖鱼类密度在春季、夏季和秋季分别为836、7216和2724 ind./hm²，其中夏季鱼类密度最高且主要集中于中部和南部区域，春季和秋季鱼类密度则呈现从南至北递减的趋势.春、夏、秋季鱼类的平均目标强度为-43.4、-50.0和-46.5 dB，估算的平均全长分别为34.0、18.0和25.2 cm，推算的平均体重分别为272.7、43.7和135.2 g.结合各季节平均密度，估算出春、夏、秋季镜泊湖鱼类资源量分别为2052、2835和3313 t.镜泊湖鱼类密度与环境因子之间的冗余分析结果表明，水体总悬浮物、叶绿素a、水温和溶解氧是影响鱼类群落结构变化的关键环境因子.从水声学探测和刺网调查的结果来看，镜泊湖渔获物小型化问题突出，鱼类资源呈现衰退趋势，渔业资源的不合理利用是造成镜泊湖鱼类资源衰退的主要因素.因此建议强化对自然捕捞的管理，严格控制捕捞数量和规格，保障鱼类资源自然增殖，结合牡丹江流域污染防治、改善鱼类栖息地环境等鱼类生境修复措施，以促进鱼类资源的恢复.

The characteristics of spatial-temporal distributions of fish resources in Lake Jingpo based on hydroacoustic assessment

In May, July and October 2020, a combination of multi-mesh gillnet and hydroacoustic survey was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of spatial-temporal distributions of fish resources of Lake Jingpo. A total of 29 fish species, belonging to four orders and six families, were collected during the survey. The main economic fish are Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Chanodichthys mongolicus, Leuciscus waleckii, Cyprinus carpio, and Culter alburnus. The dominant species are Chanodichthys mongolicus and Hemiculter leucisculus. The average fish density was 836 ind./hm² in spring, 7216 ind./hm² in summer and 2724 ind./hm² in autumn. In summer, fish mainly inhabited in the central and southern regions. In spring and autumn, the species density showed a decreasing trend from the south to the north. The average target strengths were -43.4, -50.0 and -46.5 dB in spring, summer and autumn, the estimated average total lengths 34.0, 18.0 and 25.2 cm, and the estimated average weights 272.7, 43.7 and 135.2 g, respectively. The estimated average density of fish resources in Lake Jingpo was 2052, 2835 and 3313 t in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The results of redundancy analysis between the fish density and environmental factors in Lake Jingpo showed that the total suspended solids, chlorophyll-a, water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the key environmental factors affecting the changes of fish community structure. According to the results of hydroacoustic and gillnet survey, the problem of miniaturization of catches in Lake Jingpo is prominent, and the fish resources are declining. Irrational utilization is the main factor resulting in the decline of fishery resources in Lake Jingpo. We recommend the relevant authorities strengthen the management of natural fishing strictly control the number and size of fishing, ensure the natural proliferation of fish resources, and integrate the pollution control of the Mudanjiang River Basin and the improvement of fish habitat environment and other fish habitat restoration measures, in order to promote the recovery of fishery resources.