山西太原盆地全新世地貌演化及其对古人类聚落分布的影响*

人地关系是现代地理学重要的研究课题,其中地貌是影响古人类文化进程的重要因素。基于研究区野外地貌考察和沉积物的光释光年代测定,并利用地理信息系统分析技术,探讨山西省太原盆地全新世地貌演化过程、人类聚落分布变化规律及两者之间的关系。研究结果表明: 从仰韶到夏商时期,太原盆地平原区一直是不适宜人类居住的河流和湖泊环境,而在盆地边缘有一圈环绕盆地的黄土台地,所以人类文化遗址一直呈环状分布于太原盆地边缘。晚更新世,盆地边缘以洪积过程为主,盆地中部以河流过程为主,形成了盆地边缘高、中间低的地势;晚更新世末期到全新世早期,由于盆地中部构造下陷与气候转变为暖湿的共同影响,盆地边缘地带下切形成黄土丘陵或台地。此时,太原盆地的仰韶文化遗址就分布在环盆地边缘的黄土台地和黄土丘陵上。到了龙山早期,盆地东侧中部陷落平原边缘地势稍高的地区,由于河流进一步下切而高出洪水水位,龙山早期先民开始进入这些地势稍高的平原地区活动;盆地西侧清徐—文水一带也转为下切,形成低台地,开始有人类在此台地上活动。到了龙山晚期,盆地平原区及各河流均发生向上加积,导致盆地平原区水位上升,洪水影响扩大到平原边缘地区,太谷—介休一带,龙山晚期先民开始退出平原地区。夏商时期,先民也从清徐—文水一带低台地上退出。约距今3,ka之后,随着灵石隆起段汾河干流的下切,太原盆地边缘地带及中部平原区河流均有不同程度的下切,人类聚落才又开始向平原地区扩展。全新世太原盆地的地貌演化是影响古人类聚落分布的主要因素。

Holocene geomorphic evolution of Taiyuan Basin in Shanxi Province and its influence on ancient human settlement distribution

Human-environment interreaction is an important research subject of modern geography,and geomorphic prcesses is one key environmental factor of ancient culture evolution. Based on field investigation,optical dating,and GIS analysis,we try to discuss the evolution of the Holocene geomorphic evolution,human settlement distribution and the relationship between them in Taiyuan Basin, Shanxi Province. The results indicate that from Yangshao Period to Xia and Shang Period,the inside plain of Taiyuan Basin was full of rivers and lakes,which is not suitable for human living. Thus,archaeological sites were distributed on the loess plateau,which annularly spreaded around the basin. During the Late Pleistocene,abundance sediments is doposited via alluvial processes at the edge of the basin,developed some higher topographical area at the basin edge. From the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene,due to intense tectonic activity and humid climate,the edge area of the basin developed into loess hill and loess terrace. During the Early Longshan Period,the edge of plain of eastern basin also developed into less higher loess terrace,which is over flood level and suitable for human living. Meanwhile,at the western part of the basin,just like Qingxu-Wenshui area,also began to develop into low terrace. During the Late Longshan Period,due to aggradation of river in the basin,flood level was rising,which could affect the edge of plain,and human went back to the higher loess terrace. During the Xia and Shang Period,human at Qingxu-Wenshui area left the low terrace. After 3 ka BP,because of the cut of Fen River in Lingshi uplift,the edge area and plain area of Taiyuan Basin were cut in different degrees,human settlements began to expand to plain area. The ancient human settlement distribution of Taiyuan basin is mainly controlled by geomorphic evolution during the Holocene.