基于跟踪调查的北京城市空间感知研究——以中国科学院大学硕士研究生为例

城市空间感知是行为地理学的经典研究课题,论文采用认知地图并辅以问卷调查方法,在一年时间内跟踪调查中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区2017级硕士研究生,根据手绘地图分析中国科学院大学(国科大)硕士研究生城市空间感知的过程与特征。结果表明：① 有别于凯文·林奇(K. Lynch)的空间意象5大要素,国科大研究生手绘地图的基本要素主要为标志物、节点、道路,其中标志物占主导地位;② 根据要素组合特征,可将认知地图划分为散点型、过渡型和拓扑型3类,散点型地图占据绝对数量优势,随驻留北京时间延长,认知地图结构渐趋复杂;③ 国科大研究生北京城市空间感知表现出偏好特殊性、空间非均衡性、个体差异性、感知过程不完整性等特点;④ 远距离感知、城市空间尺度大、受访者逗留时间短等主客观因素制约了北京城市整体可意象性。

Beijing urban spatial cognition based on follow-up investigations:Take graduate students in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences as an example

Urban spatial cognition is a classic research topic of behavioral geography. In this study, we selected the main urban districts of Beijing and investigated the spatial cognition of graduate students of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences using a combination of methods of cognitive map and questionnaire survey. We conducted the surveys in three stages of the same students and asked them to draw a sketch of the city of Beijing, then classified the sketch maps and counted the identified ground features. Based on statistical data, we analyzed the development process and the characteristics of differences of sketch maps of the surveyed students. The research shows that different from Kevin Lynch's five elements of space imagery, the basic elements of cognitive maps are three types: paths, domains, and landmarks, in which landmarks occupy the absolute dominant position. According to the combination of identified ground features in the sketch maps, the cognitive maps can be divided into three types: scattered structure, topological structure, and transitional structure between them, with scattered structure maps constituting the absolute majority. With the progression of time, imaginary space of the city gradually became complicated, and the spatial structure changed from single core to multiple cores; urban spatial cognition of the survey respondents showed the characteristics of personal preference, spatial non-equilibrium, individual difference, and incompleteness of the cognitive process. Beijing urban spatial cognition of the surveyed students is limited mainly because of the long distance from the target places, huge spatial scope of the city, short duration of stay of the students, and the respondents' own attributes that increase the difficulty for the students to imagine ground features of Beijing.