中国乡村治理的新视域:基于现代性与认同互动的角度

乡村发展与乡村振兴倚仗于良好的乡村治理。从本质上认识乡村治理,需要把乡村治理放置于中国发展的时代背景下加以考量。目前中国出现的种种乡村发展问题和治理乱象,某种意义上是传统中国乡村在遭遇迅速现代化过程中的各种“不适”之后的必然反应。从现代性与认同的互动关系的理论视角出发,采取问卷调查与深度访谈的质性研究方法,重点探讨现代性进入乡村后的诸种遭遇,聚焦现代性对乡村4种类型治理主体的影响过程与作用机制,具体表现为村干部的角色认同从“当家人”向“代理人”转变;作为“资本下乡”的主体,返乡创业企业主难以站在村民的立场推进乡村治理;外出务工人员因为思想分化、凝聚力差,成为乡村治理的阻梗;留守者因为“能人”的标准发生变化在乡村治理过程中发挥的作用有限。最后,着重分析村民基于自身身份认同的角度是如何面对和调试现代性,从农民文化认同、治理主体性形塑和外部支撑条件等方面提出优化当代中国乡村治理的主要路径。

A New Perspective of China Rural Governance Based on Modernity and Identity

Rural development and rural revitalization rely on good rural governance. To understand rural governance in essence, we need to consider it in the context of China's development. At present, the problems of rural development and the disorder of governance in China are, in some sense, the inevitable response of traditional Chinese villages after encountering various "discomforts" in the process of rapid modernization. From a theoretical viewpoint of the interaction between modernity and identity, the article firstly discuss the encounters when modernity enters the country. Secondly, we highly focus the impact of modernity process on every types of rural governance bodies and mechanism, which include: 1) the village cadre's role identity change from "head" to "agent" in the process of rural governance; 2) as the main body of "capital goes to the countryside", it is difficult for returning entrepreneurs to promote rural governance from the standpoint of villagers; 3) outside workers are ineffective in rural governance for their lacking of integration and cohesion of thoughts; 4) left-behind people play a limited role in the process of rural governance because of the change of the standard of "able person". Finally, this article analyze how villagers face and debug modernity from the perspective of their own identity, and put forward the main approaches to optimize the governance of rural areas in contemporary China, mainly from the aspects of cultural identity, governance subjectivity and external supporting conditions.