20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的主要理论演变与启示

采用Citespace工具和文献归纳方法,系统梳理了20世纪90年代以来西方乡村地理研究的热点及理论发展脉络。在全球化和逆城市化背景下,西方国家乡村地区普遍经历了发展转型与空间分化过程,其研究热点和主要理论发展大致分为3个阶段。20世纪90年代,主要关注于乡村农业去中心化和逆城市化过程,延续20世纪80年代政治经济学的研究范式,围绕农业经济展开的监管理论和根植于浪漫主义运动的乡村田园牧歌式理论主张占主导,受后现代思潮影响兴起了社会文化转向的“他者”研究;进入21世纪,在网络视角转向下,全球尺度的乡村分化及其内在机制的综合研究引起学界关注,研究议题及理论切入主要涉及全球乡村、乡村重构、乡村分化、多功能农业、舒适性迁移和创新理论等;近10 a以来,在全球气候变化和粮食危机背景下,危机下的乡村可持续发展得以较大关注,衍生出可持续生计、社区恢复力、脆弱性、生态经济、生物经济等的概念和理论主张。中国乡村地理的学科发展需集成多学科方法与理论,融合中西方乡村研究的理论与实证成果,以人地关系地域系统理论为核心指导,全面深化从系统的“要素-结构-功能”视角分析乡村生产、生活、生态、经济、社会、文化等多维空间的分化、重构、治理的过程、动力和综合效应及其优化调控机制,发展中国乡村人地关系地域系统理论。

The Main Theoretical Evolution and Enlightenment of Western Rural Geography Since 1990s

Using bibliometrics and literature summarization methods assisted by Citespace5.3 tools, this study summarized major theoretical research progress of the western rural geography areas since the 1990s. Under the influence of globalization, market liberalization and counter-urbanization, western rural areas have undergone a sharp transformation and differentiation, and the research hotspots and major theoretical progress of western rural geography can be divided into three stages. Since the 1990s, the stage focuses on the process of agricultural decentralization and the phenomenon of counter-urbanization in western rural areas. At this stage, there are the regulatory theories centering on agricultural economy that continue the political economy paradigm of the 1980s, the rural idyll theory rooted in the romantic movement of the last century, and the other study under the social and cultural turn influenced by the postmodernism trend. In the 21st century, with the network perspective, the second stage focus more on the global scale of rural differentiation as well as the comprehensive research of its internal mechanism, which includes various theories such as the global countryside, rural reconstruction, rural differentiation, multifunctional agriculture, amenities migration and innovation theory. Since 2008, under the influence of global climate change and food crisis, rural geography has turned to global ecological research and sought for the sustainable development of rural areas, and developed concepts and theory related to natural ecology, such as sustainable livelihood, community resilience, vulnerability, ecological economy and biological economy. Chinese rural geography theory and method research urgently need a integrated multidisciplinary fusion between Chinese and western rural study, based on the theory of territorial system of human-environment interaction, comprehensively deepen from the system perspective of element, structure and function to analyze rural production, living, ecological, economic, social, cultural and other multidimensional space process about differentiation, reconstruction and governance as well as its motivation and control mechanism for developing rural theory of territorial system of human-environment interaction.