国外旅游容量研究进展

旅游容量(TCC)最初只关注旅游地的游客量上限,认为超过就会对资源质量和游客体验质量造成破坏。随着研究的深入,用极限数字表示TCC的缺陷越来越明显,TCC的重心也逐渐由寻求一个魔力数字(magic number)转到具体目标(objective)的建立。TCC是一个管理工具而非科学理论的观点被越来越多的学者接受,逐步形成了LAC、VERP等管理框架,广泛应用于美国的自然保护区、国家公园等,有效控制了旅游对环境的影响,促进了旅游地的可持续发展。

A Literature Review of Tourism Carrying Capacity Abroad

In discussions of sustainable development,tourism has been suggested as a tool for achieving economic development while protecting the natural environment.However,tourism,like any economic activity,can lead to undesirable environmental and socioeconomic impacts.The concept of sustainable tourism involves recognition of negative impacts and the need to manage them if sustainability is to be achieved.Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC) often has been cited as a framework within which such issues can be considered.Initially,TCC focused on the critical number of visitors that may destroy the resource quality and visitor experience.It was clear that TCC is a singular numerical form determined by a point beyond which conditions deteriorate.Nevertheless,a variety of authors previously pointed to the limitations of numerical TCC as an effective management paradigm.They considered implementing a management strategy that specifically identifies conditions and establishes explicit standards of quality will be more efficacious than relying on numerical carrying capacities.As knowledge and management experience grew,definitions of TCC also evolved.TCC came to be defined as the amount of recreational use allowable by an area's management objectives.Consequently,the failures in the US to find carrying capacities led to searches for alternative management paradigms such as Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC),Visitor Experience and Resource Protection(VERP) etc.These planning frameworks were based on TCC,concerned with protecting certain conditions,rather than finding numerical carrying capacities,served to significantly advance the state-of-the-knowledge of tourism and management.